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FAUNA  OF   NEW  ENGLAND. 

1     11. 

LIST    OF    THE    AVES. 
BY  GLOVER  M.   ALLEN. 


BOSTON  : 

PRINTED  FOR  THE  SOCIETY  FROM  THE 

GURDON  SALTONSTALL  FUND. 

JUNE,   1909. 


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AVES. 

The  following  list  aims  to  include  all  species  of  birds  known  to 
have  occurred  in  New  England  within  historic  times.  Those  only 
whose  occurrence  is  believed  to  be  natural  are  given  a  serial  number, 
while  introduced,  escaped,  or  hypothetical  species  are  given  in  a 
separate  list.  The  nomenclature  is  that  adopted  by  the  American 
ornithologists'  union,  including  the  changes  of  the  14th  supplement 
to  the  Check-List,  July,  1908.  Of  the  vernacular  names,  the  first 
given  is  in  each  case  that  of  the  Check-List,  and  those  following  are 
local  names  current  for  the  most  part  in  New  England.  Unless 
otherwise  stated,  the  term  "migrant"  means  that  the  species  oc- 
curs in  both  the  spring  and  the  fall  migrations;  "summer  resident" 
implies  that  the  species  breeds;  "resident,"  that  individual  birds 
remain  the  entire  year  in  the  State.  The  migration  and  nesting 
dates  given,  are  almost  wholly  those  available  from  published 
sources  and  are  hence  in  many  cases,  somewhat  meager.  Un- 
usual dates  are  enclosed  within  parentheses.  If  the  records  for 
the  presence  of  a  given  species  within  any  State  do  not  exceed 
three,  the  place  and  date  of  each  are  given  if  known. 

For  brevity  of  citation,  references  to  figures  of  eggs  in  the  works 
of  Bendire,  Capen,  and  Seebohm  are  given  by  the  name  of  the  author 
followed  by  the  date,  plate,  and  figure.  The  titles  of  these  works 
follow:- 

Bendire,  C.  Life  histories  of  North  American  birds  with  special 
reference  to  their  breeding  habits  and  eggs.  Special  bull.  no.  1, 
U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1892,  viii  +  446  p.,  12  pis.;  special  bull.  no.  3, 
U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1895,  ix+518  pp.,  7  pis. 

Capen,  El  win  A.  Oology  of  New  England :  a  description  of  the 
eggs,  nests,  and  breeding  habits  of  the  birds  known  to  breed  in 
New  England,  with  colored  illustrations  of  their  eggs.  Boston, 
1886,  4to,  116  pp.,  25  pis. 

Seebohm,  Henry.  Coloured  figures  of  the  eggs  of  British  birds, 
with  descriptive  notices.  Sheffield,  xxiv+304  pp.,  pis. 


702835 


FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

The  Library  and  Publishing  Committee  will  issue,  as  volume 
seven  of  the  Occasional  Papers,  a  Catalogue  of  the  animals  of 
New  England. 

Parts  will  be  published  at  irregular  intervals,  and  though  the 
details  of  the  several  lists  will  vary  somewhat  in  the  different 
groups,  each  list  will  include,  1st,  the  accepted  name  (scientific 
and  vernacular);  2d,  reference  to  the  original  description,  with 
record  of  locality;  3d,  reference  to  an  authentic  description  and 
illustration,  and  4th,  habitat  and  occurrence. 

The  Committee  considers  these  lists  a  necessary  preliminary  to 
a  series  of  comprehensive,  illustrated  monographs,  the  publication 
of  which  it  is  hoped  the  Society  will  at  some  later  time  take  upon 
itself. 

The  Committee  also  believes  that  these  lists  will  aid  in  the 
accumulation  of  valuable  material  for  the  New  England  collection 
of  the  Society.  With  this  in  view  a  separate  check  list  of  names 
will  be  issued  with  each  part.  In  this  check  list  the  +  indicates  a 
specimen  in  the  Society's  Museum;  the  —  that  a  trustworthy 
record  exists. 

Toward  the  accomplishment  of  its  aims  the  Committee  invites 
the  cooperation  of  all  interested  in  the  Fauna  of  New  England. 

Communications  concerning  specimens  should  be  addressed  to 
the  CURATOR  of  the  Society  (Chas.  W.  Johnson),  notes  and 
records  of  occurrence  to  the  EDITOR  of  the  "Fauna  of  New 
England"  (Samuel  Henshaw). 

Boston  Society  Natural  History, 

234  Berkeley  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 


Colymbus  holboellii 
auritus    . 

Podilymbus  podiceps 
Gavia  immer 


Me  N.H 


Vt. 


Mas 


R. 


Conn 


arctica      .     .     . 

stellata  .  .  . 
Lunda  cirrhata  .  . 
Fratercula  arctica  .  . 
Cepphus  grylle  .  .  . 

Uria  troile 

lomvia    .... 

Alca  torda      .... 

Plautus  impennis     . 
Allealle     ...... 

Megalestris  skua     .     . 

Stercorarius  pomarinus 

parasiticus 

longicaudus 

Pagophila  alba   .     .     . 

Rissa  tridactyla  .     .     . 

Larus  hyperboreus  .     . 

leucopterus    .     . 

kumlieni  . 


mannus 

argentatus     .... 

delawarensis      .     .     . 

atricilla 

Philadelphia .... 
Xema  sabinii  .  .  .  .  . 
Gelochelidon  nilotica  .  .  . 
Sterna  caspia 

maxima 

sandvicensis  acuflavida 

forsteri 

hirundo 

paradisaea    .... 

dougalli 

antillarum 


,Me. 
Sterna  fuscata     ........ 

Hydrochelklon  ir'gra  surinamensis 
Rynchops  nigra       .     .     .     ... 

Fulmarus  glacialis '. 

Puffinus  borealis 

gravis    .     .     ....     . 

griseus       .     .     .     ... 

Aestrelata  hasitata 

Daption  capensis     .     .     .     . 
Oceanodroma  leucorhoa        .     .     . 

Oceanites  oceanicus 

Sula  leucogastra 

bassana       ........       + 

Phalacrocorax  carbo + 

auritus       .     . 

Pelecanus  erythrorhynchos    . 

occidentals      .     . 

Fregata  aquila    ..... 

Mergus  americanus      .     .     . 

serrator       .... 

Lophodytes  cucullatus      .     . 

Anas  platyrhynchos      . 

rubripes 

Chaulelasmus  streperus    .     . . 
Mareca  penelope     .     . 

americana  .... 

Nettion  crecca    ..... 

carolinensis     .     .     . 

Querquedula  discors    ... 

Spatula  clypeata      .     . 

Dafila  acuta        .     .     ... 

Aix  sponsa     .     .     .     .    >     . 

Marila  americana    .     .     .    > 

vallisneria    .... 

marila 

affinis 

collaris    .     .     . 
Clangula  clangula  americana 

islandica        + 

Charitonetta  albeola 

Harelda  hyemalis    . 

Histrionicus  histrionicus        .... 

Camptorhynchus  labradorius     ...  . 

2 


N.H. 


vt. 

+ 


Mass. 

+ 
+ 


R.I. 


Conn. 


-f 


-h 


•f 


J- 


Somateria  mollissima  borealis 
dresseri        .     .     . 
spectabilis   .     .     . 
Oidemia  americana      .     .     . 
deglandi    .... 
perspicillata        .     . 
Erismatura  jamaicensis    . 
Nomonyx  dominicus    .     .     . 
Chen  hyperborea          .     .     . 

nivalis  . 

caerulescens        .     .     . 

Anser  albifrons  gambeli   .     . 

Branta  canadensis        .     .     . 

hutchinsii 

bernicla  glaucogastra 
nigricans      .     .     .     . 

leucopsis 

Olor  cygnus        

columbianus 

buccinator 

Guara  alba 

Plegadis  autumnalis     .     . 
Mycteria  americana          .     . 
Botaurus  lentiginosus        .     .     . 

Ixobrychus  exilis 

Ardea  herodias        

Herodias  egretta 

Egretta  candidissima   .     .     .     . 

Florida  caerulea 

Butorides  virescens      . 
Nycticorax  nycticorax  naevius  . 
Nyctanassa  violacea     .     .     .     . 

Grus  americana 

canadensis 


Me. 

+ 
+ 
+ 


mexicana        .     . 
Rallus  elegans     .... 

crepitans 

virginianus   .     .     . 
Porzana  Carolina     .     .     . 
Coturnicops  noveboracensis 
Creciscus  jamaicensis  . 

Crex  crex        

lonornis  martinica  . 


N.H.  vt 


Mass.  R. 


Conn 


Me. 


Gallinula  galeata 

Fulica  americana 

Phalaropus  fulicarius        

Lobipes  lobatus 

Steganopus  tricolor 

Recurvirostra  americana 

Himantopus  mexicanus 

Philohela  minor 

Gallinago  delicata 

Macrorhamphus  griseus  ..... 

scolopaceus     .     .     . 

Micropalama  himantopus     .     ... 

Tringa  canutus 

Arquatella  maritima 

Pisobia  maculata *.     . 

fuscicollis 

bairdii •  .     .     . 

minutilla 

Pelidna  alpina 

sakhalina .     .     . 

Erolia  ferruginea 

Ereunetes  pusillus *     . 

mauri 

Calidris  leucophaea 

Limosa  fedoa 

haemastica 

Totanus  melanoleucus      ..... 
flavipes      .     ..... 

Helodromas  solitarius 

Catoptrophorus  semipalmatus   .     .     . 

inornatus 

Pavoncella  pugnax 

Bartramia  longicauda 

Tryngites  subruficollis 

Actitis  macularia '.     . 

Numenius  americanus      ..... 
hudsonicus       ..... 

borealis 

Squatarola  squatarola 

Charadrius  dominicus       ..... 

Oxyechus  vociferus      .     .     .     ... 

Aegialitis  semipalmata      .     .     .     .     . 

meloda 


N.H.  vt 


Mass.  R.  I.  Conn. 


ft 


Ochthodromus  wilsonius  .     .  . 

Arenaria  interpres        .     .     .  . 

morinella 

Haematopus  palliatus       .     .  . 
Colinus  virginianus      .... 

Canachites  canadensis  canace  . 
Bonasa  umbellus 


togata   .     . 

Lagopus  lagopus     

Tympanuchus  cupido  .  .  . 
Meleagris  gallopavo  silvestris  . 
Ectopistes  migratorius  .  .  . 
Zenaidura  macroura  carolinensis 
Starnoenas  cyanocephala  .  .  . 
Cathartes  aura  septentrionalis  . 

Catharista  urubu 

Elanoides  forficatus      .... 

Circus  hudsonius 

Accipiter  velox 

cooperii 

Astur  atricapillus 

Buteo  borealis 

.    lineatus 


swainsoni 

platypterus 

Archibutep  lagopus  sancti-johannis 

Aquila  chrysaetos 

Haliaeetus  leucocephalus .... 

Falco  islandus 

rusticolus 

gyrfalco  .... 
rusticolus  obsoletus  .  .  . 
peregrinus  anatum .... 

columbarius 

tinnunculus   . 


Me.  N.H     Vt.  Mass  R.  I.  Conn 


sparverms      .... 
Pandion  haliaetus  carolinensis 
Aluco  pratincola      .... 
Asio  wilsonianus      .     .  •   .     . 

flammeus 

Strix  varia 

Scotiaptex  nebulosa     .     .     . 
Glaux  funerea  richardsoni 


Glaux  acadicus 

Otus  asio .     . 

Bubo  virginianus 

subarcticus    . 

heterocnemis 

Nyctea  nyctea 

Surnia  ulula  caparoch      .     .     . 
Speotyto  cunicularia  hypogaea 
Coccyzus  americanus        .     .     . 
erythrophthalmus .     . 

Ceryle  alcyon 

Dryobates  villosus 

pubescens  medianus 
Picoides  arcticus      .     .     .     .     . 


americanus     .     .     .     . 
Sphyrapicus  varius       .     .     . 
Phloeotomus  pileatus  abieticola 
Melanerpes  erythrocephalus 
Centurus  carolinus  .     .     .     .     . 
Colaptes  auratus  luteus    .     .     . 
Antrostomus  carolinensis .     .     . 
vociferus      .     .     . 
Chordeiles  virginianus 
Chaetura  pelagica        .     .     .     . 
Trochilus  colubris        *...^-*  •     • 
Muscivora  forficata      .     .     .  -  « 
Tyrannus  tyrannus      .     .     .     . 
dominicensis     . 
verticalis      .     .     .     . 
Myiarchus  crinitus       .     .     .     . 

Sayornis  phoebe 

saya 

Nuttallornis  borealis    .     .     .     . 

Myiochanes  virens        .     .     .     . 

Empidonax  flaviventris     .     .     . 

virescens        .     .     . 

traillii  alnorum  . 


minimus   . 

Otocoris  alpestris    .     .     . 
praticola 
hoyti    . 

Cyanocitta  cristata       .     . 

Perisoreus  canadensis  . 

Corvus  corax  principalis  . 


Me.  N.H.    Vt. 


Mass. 

+ 
+ 

+ 


R.I. 


Corvus  brachyrhynchos    .     .     . 

ossifragus 

Sturnus  vulgaris 

Dolichonyx  oryzivorus      .     .     . 

Molothrus  ater         

Xanthocephalus  xanthocephalus 
Agelaius  phoeniceus    .... 
fortis 

Sturnella  magna 

Icterus  spurius 

galbula 

bullocki 

Euphagus  carolinus      .     .     ... 
Quiscalus  quiscula 


aeneus    .     . 

Hesperiphona  vespertina  .  . 
Pinicola  enucleator  leucura  .  . 
Carpodacus  purpureus  .  .  . 
Loxia  curvirostra  minor  .  .  . 

leucoptera 

Acanthis  hornemannii  exilipes  . 

linaria 

holboellii 
rostrata  .     .     . 
"brewsteri"        .     . 
Astragalinus  tristis       .... 
Spinus  pinus        


spmus 


Plectrophenax  nivalis 

Calcarius  lapponicus 

ornatus    

Pooecetes  gramineus 

Passerculus  princeps 

sandwichensis  savanna 

Coturniculus  savannarum  australis 

Ammodramus  henslowii  .... 

caudacutus     .     .     . 

nelsoni       .... 

subvirgatus 

maritimus       .     .     . 

Chondestes  grammacus    .... 

Zonotrichia  leucophrys     .... 

albicollis 

Spizella  monticola 


Me.  N.H     Vt.  IMass  R.I  Conn. 


Me.  N.H.   Vt. 

Spizella  passerina 
breweri 
pusilla    . 

Junco  hyemalis        + 

montanus 

Melospiza  melodia       .     . 
lincolnii 
georgiana    . 
Passerella  iliaca       .     . 
Pipilo  erythrophthalmus 
Cardinalis  cardinalis    . 
Zamelodia  ludoviciana 
Guiraca  caerulea     .     .     . 
Passerina  cyanea     .     .     . 
Spiza  americana      ...    . 
Calamospiza  melanocorys 
Piranga  ludoviciana     .     . 
erythromelas  .    ., 

rubra —     ? 

Progne  subis        .     .     ...     . 

Petrochelidon  lunifrons    .     . 
Hirundo  erythrogaster      .     . 
Iridoprocne  bicolor      .     .     . 
Riparia  riparia   .     .     .     .     . 

Stelgidopteryx  serripennis 
Bombycilla  garrula      .     .     . 
cedrorum  .     .     . 
Lanius  borealis        .... 

ludovicianus     .     .     . 
migrans 

Vireosylva  olivacea      .     .     . 
philadelphica 
gilva       .... 

Lanivireo  flavifrons      .     .     . 
solitarius      .     .     . 
Vireo  griseus  .     .  ?       ? 

bellii  .  . 
Mniotilta  varia  . 
Protonotaria  citrea 

Helmitheros  vermivorus ?       ? 

Helminthophila  pinus       .  ? 

chrysoptera 
rubricapilla 
celata  ....  ? 

8 


Mass.  R.  I.  Conn 


Helminthophila  peregrina  .  .  . 
Compsothlypis  americana  usneae  . 
Dendroica  tigrina  .  .  .  .  .  . 

aestiva   .     .     .     .     .     » 

caerulescens    .     .     .     . 

coronata 

auduboni    

magnolia     .     .     ... 

cerulea 

pensylvanica    .     .     .     . 

striata 

blackburniae        .     .     . 

castanea 

dominica 


Me    N.H 


virens 


vigorsii 

palmarum 

hypochrysea 

discolor 

Seiurus  aurocapillus 

Seiurus  noveboracensis     .... 
notabilis 

motacilla 

Oporornis  formosa 

agilis 

Philadelphia     .... 
Geothlypis  trichas  .     .     .     .     .     . 

Icteria  virens 

Wilsonia  citrina 

pusilla  ....... 

canadensis 

Setophaga  ruticilla 

Anthus  rubescens 

Mimus  polyglottos  .  .  -i  .  .  . 
Dumetella  carolinensis  .... 
Toxostoma  rufum  .  .  .  *.  . 
Thryothorus  ludovicianus 

Thryomanes  bewickii 

Troglodytes  aedon 

Nannus  hiemalis 

Cistothorus  stellaris 

Telmatodytes  palustris  .... 
Certhia  familiaris  americana  .  . 
Sitta  carolinensis 


Vt.  Mass.  R.  I  Conn 


Me.  N.H.   Vt. 

Sitta  canadensis       .     . 
Baeolophus  bicolor 
Penthestes  atricapillus 

hudsonicus + 

Regulus  satrapa       .     .     .     . 

calendula  .      ... 

Polioptila  caerulea  .... 

Hylocichla  mustelina  ... 

fuscescens  .     . 

salicicola 
aliciae    .... 

bicknelli 

ustulata  swainsonii 

guttata  pallasii    . 

Planesticus  migratorius    .     . 

Ixoreus  naevius  .     .     ... 

Sialia  sialis  .     .... 


Mass.  R.  I.  Conn 


10 


AVES. 

PYGOPODES.  COLYMBI 

COLYMBIDAE. 

1.     COLYMBUS  HOLBOELLII  (Reinhardt)  Ridgway. 

Holboell's  grebe;  Red-necked  grebe. 

Podiceps  holbollii  Reinh.,  Vidensk.  meddel.  naturh.  forh.  Kjoben- 

haven  for  1853,  1854,  p.  76.  "GRONLAND JULIANEHAABS 

DISTRIKT." 

Podiceps  rubricollis  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  312  pi.  480. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  among  rushes  in  sloughs. 

ME. —  Uncommon  winter  resident  coastwise.     Sept.-April  24. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  coastwise  winter  resident. 
Oct. -May  (June). 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Middlebury;  Wells  River;  Windsor,  spring. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly 
coastwise.  (Sept.)  Oct.  10-May  24. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  winter  resident  coastwise.     Oct.  23-May  2. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  winter  resident  coastwise.     Oct.  19-spring. 

2.     COLYMBUS  AURITUS  Linne*. 

Horned  grebe;  Devil  diver;   Hell  diver;  Little  diver;  Tinker; 
,  Tinker  loon. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  135.  "!N  SUMMIS 
EUROPAE  &  AMERICA  LACUBUS." 

Podiceps  cornutus  Linne".  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  316,  pi.  481.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  24,  fig.  3. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;  nests  among  rushes  in  marshes. 

OCC.  PAPERS  B.  S.  X.  H.        1909.        VOL.  7. 


2.  -     FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PYGOPODES.  COLYMBI. 

COLYMBIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise;  rare  winter,  and  in 
northeastern  part,  rare  summer  resident. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coast- 
wise. Oct. -April. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coastwise. 
Oct.  1-Maj  6  (June  1,  Springfield). 

R.  I. —  Common  winter  resident  coastwise.  Oct.  23-April  24 
(May). 

CONN. —  Common  winter  resident  coastwise ;  accidental  in 
summer  (Melrose,  July  26,  1882).  Sept-May  (July  26). 

3.  PODILYMBUS   PODICEPS    (Linne)   Lawrence. 

Pied-billed  grebe;  Dabchick;  Devil  diver;  Diedapper;  Dipper; 

Frog-in-throat;  Hell  diver;  Water  witch. 

*  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  57;    Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  2.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  24,  fig.  5. 

Colymbus  podiceps  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  136. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Freshwater  rivers,  ponds,  swamps;  nests  among  reeds  in  swamps. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise;  less  common 
summer  resident.  April-May  19;  summer;  Sept.  1-Nov.  13 
(late  Nov.).  Eggs,  June  6. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident.  Mar.- 
Nov. 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident.     Spring-Oct.  19. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring,  common  fall  migrant,  and  uncommon 
local  summer  resident;  accidental  in  winter.  (Feb.)  Mar.  1-Dec. 
10.  Eggs,  April  23-June  28. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April-Oct. 
22.  Eggs,  June  6. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  in  fall,  and  rare  summer 
resident.  April-summer;  Sept. -Nov.  (Dec.  25,  1908,  South 
Norwalk). 


AVES.  3 

PYGOPODES.  CEPPHI. 

GAVIIDAE. 

4.  GAVIA  IMMER  (Briinnich)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Loon;  Big  loon;  Call-up-a-storm;  Great  northern  diver. 

Colymbiis  immer  Briinn.,  Ornith.  borealis,  1764,  p.  38.  "E 
FAEROA." 

Urinator  imber  (Gunnerus).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east. 
No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  58;  Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  3.  Egg,  Capen,  1886, 
pi.  24,  fig.  2. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;  nests  on  shores  of  lakes. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  winter  and  sum- 
mer resident.  Eggs,  June  11-19  (July). 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coast- 
wise; rare  summer  resident  inland  (formerly  Springfield);  a  few 
non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  a  few 
non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.  15-May  28;  summer. 

CONN. —  Common  winter  resident  coastwise ;  formerly  a  rare 
summer  resident  (Easthampton).  Qct.-April  29. 

5.  GAVIA  ARCTIC  A  (Linne)  Allen. 

Black-throated  loon  or  diver. 

Colymbus  arcticus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  135. 
"IN  EUROPA  &  AMERICA  BOREALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1844,  vol.  7,  p.  295,  pi.  477.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  78,  pi.  21, 
fig.  1. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor:    China,   Kennebec   Co.,   April   19, 
1899;   Cutler,  Dec.  8,  1881. 
MASS. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 
CONN. —  Doubtfully  recorded  ( ?  near  Southbridge,  Mass.). 


4  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PYGOPODES.  CEPPHI. 

GAVIIDAE. 

6.  GAVIA  STELLATA  (Pontoppidan)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Red-throated  loon;  Cape-race;  Little  loon;  Red-throated  diver; 
Scape-grace. 

Colymbug  stellatus  Pontopp.,  Danske  atlas,  1763,  vol.  1,  p.  621. 
(Based  on  Willughby.) 

Colymbus  septentrionalis  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  299,  pi.  478.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  78,  pi.  21,  fig.  2. 

Salt  water  mainly,  sometimes  on  lakes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly 
coastwise.  (Aug.  16)  Sept.  22-(June  22). 

VT  —  Rare  migrant.     Nov.  1. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  spring,  common  fall  migrant  and  winter 
resident,  mainly  coastwise;  casual  in  summer.  Aug.  27-April  8 
(July  2). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  a  few 
non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Oct.l-April  27  (summer). 

CONN. —  Common  winter  resident,  coastwise.     Oct.-May. 

ALGID  AE. 

7.  LUNDA  CIRRHATA  (Pallas)  Pallas. 

Tufted  puffin. 

Alca  cirrhata  Pallas,  Spic.  zool.,  1769,  fasc.  5,  p.  7,  pi.  1;  pi.  2, 
figs.  1-3.  "IN  MARI  INTER  KAMTSCHATKAM  ET  AMERICAM  ARCHI- 

PELAGUMGUE    KuRILUM." 

Mormon  cirrhatus  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  234,  pi.  462. 

Rocky  sea  coasts;   nests  in  burrows. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  mouth  of  Kennebec  River,  winter  of 
1831-32. 


AVES.  5 

PYGOPODES.  CEPPHI 

ALCIDAE. 

8.  FRATERCULA  ARCTICA  (Linne")  Schaffer. 

Puffin;    Paroqueet;    Sea  parrot. 
Aka  arctica  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  130.     "IN 

EUROPAE  BOREALIS  OCEANO." 

Mormon  arcticus  Linne.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol. 
7,  p.  238,  pi.  464.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  24,  fig.  6. 
Rocky  seacoasts;   nests  in  burrows. 

ME. —  Common   winter  resident   coastwise,   and  rare   summer 
resident  (Matinicus  Rock  and  Machias  Seal  Island). 
N.  H. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  (at  Isles  of  Shoals). 
MASS. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Oct.  16-March. 
R.  I. —  Doubtfully  reported. 

9.  CEPPHUS  GRYLLE  (Linne)  Brehm. 

Black  guillemot;    Pigeon  murre;    Sea  pigeon. 

Aka  grylle  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  130.  "IN 
EUROPAE  BOREALIS  OCEANO." 

Uria  grylle  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p. 
272,  pi.  474.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  24,  figs.  7,  8. 

Rocky  seacoasts;   nests  in  deep  crevices  of  rocks. 

ME. —  Common  winter  resident  coastwise;  less  common  summer 
resident  from  Knox  Co.  eastward.  Eggs,  June  15-23. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  coastwise. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  coastwise.  Sept.-April  19 
(May). 

R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     Nov.  18-April. 

CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise:  Stony  Creek,  Dec.,  1887. 


6  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PYGOPODES.  CEPPHI. 

ALCIDAE. 

10.  URIA  TROILE  (Linne)  Latham. 

Murre;    Foolish  guillemot;    Guillemot. 

Coues,  Key  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  2,  p.  1082,  figs. 
742,  743. 

Colymbiis  troille  (sic)  Linne*,  Fauna  Suec.,  ed.  2,  1761,  p.  52. 

"IN  ALTO  MART  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Alca  troile  (Linne").     Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  8, 
pi.  [621].     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  24,  fig.  9;  pi.  25,  fig.  1-3. 
Rocky  seacoasts;   nests  on  sea  cliffs. 

ME.— Rare  winter  visitor:  Eastport,  Dec.  27,  1886;  Scarbor- 
ough. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  "Massachusetts"  (Society  collec- 
tion). 

R.  I. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

CONN. —  ?  Rare  winter  visitor  (Merriam,  probably  in  error  for 
U.  lamina). 

11.  URIA  LOMVIA  (Linne*)  Bryant. 

Briinnich'smurre;  Briinnich's  guillemot;  Ice-bird;  Large-billed 
guillemot;   Sea  crow. 

Aka  lomvia  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  130.     "IN 

EUROPA  BOREALI." 

Uria  brunnichii  Sabine.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol. 
7,  p.  265,  pi.  472.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  94,  pi.  26,  figs.  5,  6. 
Rocky  seacoasts;  nests  on  sea  cliffs. 

ME. —  Common  winter  visitor  coastwise,  casual  inland;  a  doubt- 
ful breeding  record  (Penobscot  Bay,  M.  Hardy).  Nov.  23-Mar. 

N.  H. —  Irregular  winter  visitor  coastwise;  occasional  inland. 
Nov.  25-Mar. 


AVES.  7 

PYGOPODES.  CEPPHI. 

ALCIDAE. 

VT. —  Irregular  winter  visitor.     Nov.- Jan. 

MASS. —  Uncommon,  irregular  winter  visitor  coastwise;  occa- 
sional inland.  Nov.  21-Mar.  14  (April  15). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  and  irregular  winter  visitor.  Nov.  15- 
Feb.  23. 

CONN. —  Irregular  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common.  Nov.  18- 
Feb.  16. 


12.  ALCA  TORDA  Linne. 

Razor-billed  auk;    Razor-bill;    Tinker  murre;   Turre. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  130.  "IN  EUROPAE 
BOREALIS  OCEANO."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p. 
247,  pi.  466.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  25,  fig.  4-6. 

Rocky  seacoasts;  nests  in  rock  crevices. 

ME. —  Common  winter  visitor  coastwise;  said  to  have  nested 
formerly. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Nov.-Mar. 
MASS. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Nov.  1-April  15. 
R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Nov.  15-Feb.  4. 
CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise. 

13.  PLAUTUS  IMPENNIS  (Linne*)  Steenstrup. 

Great  auk;    Garefowl. 

Alca  impennis  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  130.  "IN 
EUROPA  ARCTICA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p. 
245,  pi.  465.  Egg,  S.  Grieve,  Great  Auk,  or  Garefowl,  London, 
1885,  pis.  1,  2  (opp.  pp.  108,  109). 

Formerly  a  coastwise  species,  breeding  at  Funk  Id.,  near  New- 
foundland, and  at  a  few  places  on  the  European  coast;  last  spec- 
imen killed  in  1844. 


8  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PYGOPODES.  CEPPHI. 

ALCIDAE. 

ME.,  N.  H.,  MASS. —  Formerly  a  winter  visitor  coastwise. 
R.  I.,  CONN. —  Probably  occurred  formerly  as  a  winter  visitoi 
coastwise  (bones  in  shell  heaps  at  Block  Id.,  R.  I.). 

14.  ALLE  ALLE  (Linne)  Stejneger. 

Dovekie;  Ice-bird;  Knotty;  Little  auk;    Pine-knotty;  Rotche; 
Sea  dove. 

Alca  die  Linne,  Syst.  nat,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  131.  "IN 
EUROPAE,  AMERICAE  ARCTICAE  OCEANO." 

Mergulus  alle  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  257,  pi.  469.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  95,  pi.  26,  fig.  3. 

Rocky  coasts;  nests  on  ledges  or  in  crevices  of  sea  cliffs. 

ME. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  coastwise,  casual  inland; 
Late  Nov.-Mar.  15. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  coastwise;    casual  inland. 

VT. —  Accidental  winter  visitor. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor,  coastwise;  casual  inland. 
(Sept.)  Nov.  4-May  1. 

R.  I. —  Rare  and  irregular  winter  visitor  coastwise;  casual  in- 
land. Nov.  14-April  27. 

CONN. —  Rare  and  irregular  winter  visitor  coastwise;  casual 
inland.  (Sept.)  Nov.  10. 

LONGIPENNES. 

STERCORARIIDAE. 

15.  MEGALESTRIS  SKUA  (Briinnich)  Ridgway. 

Skua;    Great  Skua;   Sea-hen. 

Catharacta  skua  Brtinn.,  Ornith.  borealis,  1764,  p.  33.  "E 
FEROA  &  ISLANDIA." 

Megalestris  catarrhactes  (Linne").  Saunders,  Cat.  birds  Brit- 
ish mus.,  1896,  vol.  25,  p.  315. 


AVES.  (J 

LONGIPENNES. 

STERCORARIIDAE. 

Stercorarius  catarrhactes  (Linne").  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe, 
1871-81,  vol.  8,  pi.  [609].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  118,  pi.  37, 
figs.  3,  4. 

Pelagic;  nests  on  rocky  cliffs  or  tundras. 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor  offshore:  Georges  Banks,  July,  1878; 
Nantucket  Shoals,  Oct.  11,  1883;  Polluck  Rip,  Sept.  10,  1884. 

16.  STERCORARIUS  POMARINUS  (Temminck)  Vieillot. 

Pomarine  jaeger. 

Lestris  pomarinus  Temm.,  Man.  d'ornith.,  1815,  p.  514.  "LES 
REGIONS  DU  CERCLE  ARCTiQUE. "  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  186,  pi.  451.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  116,  pi.  37,  fig.  6. 

Largely  marine;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  casual  in  summer.  May;  (June  23, 
24);  July  14-late  Oct. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant,  occasional  in  summer.  May  23; 
July  5-Sept.  28. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  offshore,  mainly  in  fall.     Oct. 

17.  STERCORARIUS  PARAS'ITICUS  (Linne")  Schaffer. 

Parasitic    jaeger;    Gull    chaser;    Marlinspike;    Richardson's 
jaeger;    Robber  gull;    Sea  hen. 

Larus  parasiticus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  136. 

"iNTRA  TROPICUM  CANCRI,   EuROPAE,  AMERICAE,  AsiAE." 

Lestris  richardsonii  Swains.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,   1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  190,  pi.  452.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  116,  pi.  37,  figs.  1,  2. 
Largely  marine;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  offshore;  casual  in  summer.  May- 
June;  (July)  Aug.-Oct. 


10  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LONGIPENNES. 

STERCORARIIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  offshore.     Sept. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  visitor  offshore; 
rare  in  winter.  May  31-Oct.  14  (Jan.,  Feb.). 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant  offshore:  Charlestown  Beach,  three,  Sept. 
2,  1897. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant  offshore:  Bridgeport;  Portland,  fall, 
1875. 

18.  STERCORARIUS  LONGICAUDUS  Vieillot. 

Long-tailed  jaeger;    Buff  on' s   jaeger  or   skua;    Marlinspike; 
Whiptail. 

VieilL,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol.  32,  p.  157.  "LE  NORD 
DE  L'EUROPE,  DE  L'ASIE  ET  DE  L'AMERIQUE." 

Lestris  parasiticus  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  192,  pi.  453.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  117,  pi.  37,  fig.  5. 

Largely  marine;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  offshore. 

VT. —  Accidental  migrant:  West  Castleton,  Sept.  7,  1877. 
MASS. —  Rare  migrant.     Spring;  Aug.  24-Sept.  29. 
CONN. —  Rare  or  accidental  visitor:    Community  Lake,  Walling- 
ford,  Aug.  30,  1873. 

LARIDAE. 

19.  PAGOPHILA  ALBA  (Gunnerus)  Coues. 

Ivory  gull. 

Larus  albus  Gunn.,  in  Leem's  Beskriv.  Finmark.  Lapp.,  1767, 
p.  285  (note).  NORTHERN  NORWAY. 

Larus  eburneus  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Arner.,  1844,  vol.  7 
p.  150,  pi.  445.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  115,  pi.  32,  fig.  3. 

Arctic  seas,  following  the  pack  ice;  nests  on  rocky  cliffs. 


AVES.  11 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

ME. —  The  Boardman  record  refers  to  a  New  Brunswick  speci- 
men. 

MASS. —  Accidental  winter  visitor:   Monomoy  Id.,  Dec.  1,  1886. 

20.  RISSA  TRIDACTYLA  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 

Kittiwake;    Frost-bird;    Jack  gull;    Meterick;    Pinny  owl  or 
Pinyole;   Snow  gull;   Winter  gull. 

Larus  tridactylus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  136. 
"IN  EUROPA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  146,  pi.  444.  Egg,  Samuels,  Ornith.  and  ool.  N.  E.,  1867, 
pi.  4,  fig.  3. 

Maritime;  nests  on  sea  cliffs. 

ME. —  Common  fall  and  winter  visitor  oifshore;  casual  inland, 
and  in  summer.  Nov.-April  (June;  July  11,  1903,  Jericho  Bay, 
barren  bird;  July  14,  1907,  off  Portland). 

N.  H. —  Common  fall  and  winter  visitor  offshore.  Nov.  1- 
spring. 

VT. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Enosburg  Falls,  Nov.  12,  1906; 
St.  Albans;  St.  Johnsbury. 

MASS. —  Common  fall  and  winter  visitor  offshore,  casual  inland. 
Sept.  fr-Mar.  10. 

R.  I. —  Common  fall  and  winter  visitor  offshore.     Nov.-Mar.  23. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitor  offshore.  Fall- 
April  14. 

21.  LARUS  HYPERBOREUS  Gunnerus. 

Glaucous  gull;   Burgomaster;    Owl  gull;   White  minister. 

Gunnerus,  in  Leem's  Beskriv.  Finmark.  Lapp.,  1767,  p.  226 
(note),  p.  283  (note).  No  locality. 

Larus  glaucus  Brlinn.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  170,  pi.  449.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  112,  pi.  32,  figs.  4,  5. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  cliffs. 


12  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     Late  Nov.-April  27. 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Hampton,  about  Feb.  20,  1886, 
and  in  May. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS.—  Rare  winter  visitor.  Nov.  29-April  23  (May  26,  1907, 
Ipswich). 

R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Newport,  Mar.  12,  1900  (three): 
Dec.  1901. 

• 

22.     LARUS  LEUCOPTERUS  Faber. 

Iceland  gull;   White-winged  gull. 

Faber,  Prodr.  Isl.  ornith.,  1822,  p.  91.  "IM  WINTER  ....  .".NACH 
ISLAND/'  Saunders,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1896,  vol.  25,  p.  296. 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  pi.  447.  Egg,  Seebohm 
1896,  p.  113,  pi.  33,  fig.  3. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     Nov.-April. 
MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     Nov.  4-Mar.  20. 
CONN.— Rare  winter  visitor:    Stamford,  Feb.  16,  1894. 

23.     LARUS  KUMLIENI  Brewster. 

Kumlien's  gull;   Lesser  glaucous-winged  gull. 

Brewst.,  Bull.  Nuttall  ornith.  club,  1883,  vol.  8,  p.  216.  " CUM- 
BERLAND SOUND,  ARCTIC  AMERICA."  Dwight,  Auk,  1906,  vol.  23, 
p.  36-41,  pi.  1,  figs. 

Coastwise;   breeds  on  Arctic  coasts. 

ME. —  Probably  occasional  winter  visitor:    near  Eastport  (may 

have  been  N.  B.);  "seen"  in  Portland  Harbor  and  at  Scarborough. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor:    Boston  Harbor,  Feb.  22,   1905; 


AVES.  13 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

Plymouth,  Jan.  5,  1888  (Dwight,  immature);    Boston  and  Swamp- 
scott,  two  or  more,  Dec.  29,  1907-Mar.  13,  1908. 

CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Stamford,  Feb.  16,  1894  (Dwight, 
immature). 

24.  LARUS  MARINUS  Linne. 

Great  black-backed  gull;   Black-back;   Black  minister;    Coffin 
carrier;    Ghost-bird;    Minister;   Saddle-back. 

Linn£,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  136.  "IN  EUROPA." 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  172,  pi.  450.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  22,  figs.  2,  3. 

Seacoasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  casual  summer 
visitor.  Sept.  21-April  (summer). 

N.  H. —  Common  winter  resident  coastwise.     Oct.  15-spring. 

MASS. —  Common  winter  resident  coastwise;  a  few  non-breeding 
birds  summer.  Late  Aug.-May  1  (summer). 

R.  I. —  Common  winter  re'sident  coastwise.     Aug.  26-April  23. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  winter  resident  coastwise.     Fall-Mar. 

25.  LARUS  ARGENT ATUS  Pontoppidan. 

Herring  gull;    Gray  gull;   Sea  gull;    Winter  gull. 

Pontopp.,  Danske  atlas,  1763,  vol.  1,  p.  622.  No  locality. 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  163,  pi.  448.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  22,  fig.  4-6. 

Seacoasts,  large  rivers  and  lakes;  nests  on  the  ground  or  rarely 
in  trees. 

ME. —  Abundant  resident*  breeding  mainly  on  outer  islands, 
rarely  on  inland  lakes.  Eggs,  (May  14)  June  12-July  18  (Aug. 
19). 


14  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

X.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  less  common 
summer  visitor  coastwise. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident  (Lake 
Champlain). 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  less  common 
summer  visitor  coasrVise;  not  now  known  to  breed  (nested  at 
Wepecket  Id.,  1882,  Mackay). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coast- 
wise; a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer.  Sept.  10-May  22; 
summer. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coast- 
wise; a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer.  Oct. -May;  summer. 

26.     LARUS  DELAWARENSIS  Ord. 

Ring-billed  gull. 

Ord,  Guthrie's  Geogr.,  hist.,  and  commercial  grammar,  2d 
Amer.  ed.,  1815,  vol.  2,  p.  319.  "ON  THE  DELAWARE  BELOW 
PHILADELPHIA."  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  Xo.  Amer., 
1895,  p.  73. 

Larus  zonorhynchus  Richardson.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1844,  vol.  7,  p.  152,  pi.  446. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  XT.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident 
coastwise.  Mar  .-April;  Oct.-Xov.  (winter). 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  coastwise.  Spring;  July  17- 
Oct.  30. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Nov.— April. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident. 


AVES.  15 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

27.  LARUS  ATRICILLA  Linne. 

Laughing  gull;    Black-headed  gull;    Black-poll. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  136.  "AMERICA." 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  136,  pi.  443.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  23,  fig.  1-3. 

Seacoasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident  (Metinic  Green  Id.,  Western  Egg 
Rock).  (Late  April)-Sept.  Eggs,  June  30- July  5. 

VT. —  Rare  visitor:  Bristol,  May,  1883;    St.  Albans. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  south  of  Cape  Cod  (Mus- 
keget  Id.;  formerly  at  Egg  Rock,  Nahant);  elsewhere  a  rare  visitor. 
May  7-Oct.  1  (late  Nov.).  Eggs,  June  7- July  10. 

R.  I. —  Rare  summer  visitor:  Seakonnet  Point,  Sept.,  1884;  Sea- 
konnet  Point,  Aug.  24,  1903. 

CONN. —  Rare  summer  visitor;  may  breed  rarely. 

28.  LARUS  PHILADELPHIA  (Ord)  Gray. 

Bonaparte's  gull. 

Sterna  Philadelphia  Ord,  Guthrie's  Geogr.,  hist.,  and  commer- 
cial grammar,  2d  Amer.  ed.,  1815,  vol.  2,  p.  319.  No  locality; 
probably  PHILADELPHIA. 

Larus  bonapartii  Richardson.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  131,  pi.  442.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  106,  pi.  36,  fig.  7. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;  nests  on  stumps  or  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  rare  in  winter.  April- June  20;  July 
25-Nov.  20  (winter). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  coastwise. 
May;  Aug.  3-Oct.  20  (winter). 

VT. —  Rare  migrant;    ?  "summer  resident." 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise,  and  rare  winter 
resident.  Mar.  10- June  3;  July  24-Nov.  25  (winter). 


16  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  winter  resident.  Aug. 
5-May  22. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  in  fall.  Aug.  1— Nov.;  (win- 
ter ?)-April  21. 

29.  XEMA  SABINII  (Sabine)  Leach. 

Sabine's  gull;   Fork-tailed  gull. 

Larus  sabinii  J.  Sab.,  Trans.  Linn.  soc.  London,  1818,  vol.  12, 

p.  520,  pi.  29.  "WEST  COAST  OF  GREENLAND LATITUDE  75° 

29'  N.,  AND  LONGITUDE  60°  9'  W.V  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1844,  vol.  7,  p.  127,  pi.  441.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  105,  pi.  36, 
fig.  8.  _ 

Arctic  seas  and  coasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Brothers  Id.,  near  Portland,  Sept.  22, 
1899;  Scarborough,  May  31,  1877;  (nee  Calais,  1878). 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Boston  Harbor,  Sept.  27,  1874; 
Cape  Cod,  1888;  North  Truro,  Aug.  21,  1889. 

R.  I. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

30.  GELOCHELIDON   NILOTICA    (Hasselquist)    Stejneger. 

Gull-billed  tern;    Marsh  tern. 

Sterna  nilotica  Hasselq.,  Reise  nach  Pal.,  deutsch.  ausg.,  1762, 
p.  325.  [NILE  RIVER,  EGYPT]. 

Sterna  anglica  Montagu.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol. 
7,  p.  81,  pi.  430.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  99,  pi.  31,  figs.  6,  8. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor,  several  instances.  March;  May  21; 
Sept. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:    Ipswich,  Sept.  1871. 
R.  I. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 


AVES.  17 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

31.  STERNA  CASPIA  Pallas. 

Caspian  tern;   Squawker. 

Pallas,  Nov.  comm.  petrop.,  1770,  vol.  14,  pt.  1,  p.  582,  pi.  22, 
fig.  2.  "MARE  CASPIUM  ET  CIRCA  OSTIUM  IAICI."  Dresser,  Birds 
of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  8,  pi.  [584].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  100, 
pi.  31,  fig.  2. 

Sterna  tschegrava  Lepech.  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  79,  fig.  61,  a. 

Seacoasts  and  lakes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant.     May  11;  Aug.-Sept.  (Oct.  16). 
N.  H. —  Rare  migrant:   Hampton,  1899. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  Early  May; 
Aug.  8-Sept.  26. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant.     May  10;  July  27-Oct. 

32.  STERNA  MAXIMA  Boddaert. 

Royal  tern;   Cayenne  tern. 

Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist.  nat.,  1783,  p.  58.  Based 
on  Buffon:  "CAYENNE."  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  79,  fig.  61,  b. 

Sterna  cayana  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  76,  pi.  429. 

Seacoasts  and  lagoons;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Chatham,  July  29,  1889;  Ipswich, 
July  17,  1904;  Nantucket,  July  1,  1874. 

33.  STERNA  SANDVICENSIS  ACUFLAVIDA  (Cabot)  Ridgway. 

Cabot's  tern. 

Sterna  acuflavida  Cabot,  Proc.  Boston  soc.  nat.  hist.,  1847,  vol. 
2,  p.  257.  "TANCAH,  ON  THE  COAST  OF  YUCATAN/' 


18  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

Sterna  cantiaca  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  87,  pi.  431. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Chatham,  Aug.,  1865;  Monomoy 
Id.,  Oct.  2,  1888. 

34.  STERNA  FORSTERI  Nuttall. 

Forster's  tern. 

Nutt.,  Manual  ornith.  U.  S.  and  Canada,  1834,  vol.  2,  p.  274. 
Based  onForster:  "  CHURCHILL  RIVER,"  HUDSON  BAY.  Saunders, 
Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1896,  vol.  25,  p.  47. 

Sterna  havellii  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  103, 
pi.  434. 

Marshes  and  sea  coasts;  nests  in  grassy  marshes. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  migrant.     Aug.-Oct.  2. 

35.  STERNA  HIRUNDO  Linne. 

Common  tern;    Mackerel  gull;    Medrake   or   Medrick;    Red- 
shank;  Sea  swallow;   Summer  gull;   Wilson's  tern. 

Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  137.  "EUROPA."  Chap- 
man, Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  81,  fig.  61,  c;  Audu- 
bon, Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  97,  pi.  433.  Egg,  Capen, 
1886,  pi.  23,  figs.  4,  5. 

Seacoasts;  nests  on  sandy  or  pebbly  shores. 

ME. —  Abundant  summer  resident  coastwise.  May  3-Sept.  2 
(late  Sept.).  Eggs,  late  May-Aug.  19. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  coastwise,  casual  inland;  formerly 
summer  resident  at  Isles  of  Shoals.  May;  Aug.-Sept. 

VT. —  Rare  visitor:    Bennington,  May  30,  1907;    St.  Albans. 


AVES.  19 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

MASS. —  Locally  common  summer  resident  coastwise,  casual 
inland;  accidental  in  winter  (Woods  Hole,  Jan.  17,  1894,  Feb. 
20,  1891).  May  1-Oct.  30  (Nov.  14,  winter).  Eggs,  May  20- 
July  30. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident  coastwise.  May  10-Oct.  6. 
Eggs,  June  5- July  11. 

CONN. —  Common  local  summer  resident  coastwise.  Eggs, 
June  20. 

36.  STERNA  PARADISAEA  Brtinnich. 

Arctic  tern. 

Briinn.,  Ornith.  borealis,  1764,  p.  46.  "CHRISTIANSOE,"  DEN- 
MARK. Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  82,  fig. 
61,  d. 

Sterna  arctica  Temm.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  107,  pi.  436.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  23,  fig.  6-8. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident  coastwise.  May-Sept.  Eggs, 
June  28. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  coastwise;  occa- 
sional inland.  May-Oct. 

CONN. —  Migrant. 

37.  STERNA  DOUGALLI  Montagu. 

Roseate  tern;    Mackerel  gull. 

Montagu,  Ornith.  diet.,  suppl.,  1813,  p.  [386],  1  pi.  "WEST 
HIGHLANDS  OF  SCOTLAND."  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  83,  fig.  61,  e;  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81, 
vol.  8,  pi.  [581].  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  23,  fig.  9-11. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  sandy  or  pebbly  shores. 


20  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  visitor  coastwise;  not  certainly  known  to 
breed.  May-Aug.  31. 

N.  H. —  Formerly  rare  summer  resident  at  Isles  of  Shoals. 

MASS. —  Locally  common  summer  resident  coastwise.  May  1- 
Oct.  4.  Eggs,  May  20-July  30. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  visitor;  not  known  to 
nest.  May-Oct. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  Eggs, 
June  20. 

38.    STERNA  ANTILLARTJM  (Lesson)  Coues. 

Least  tern;   Little  striker;    Oyt. 

Sternula  antillarum  Less.,  Descr.  mamm.  et.  ois.,  1847,  p.  256. 
"ANTILLES.  . . .  PRINCIPALEMENT  GUADELOUPE." 

Sterna  minuta  Linne*.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  119,  pi.  439.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  23,  fig.  12-14. 

Seacoasts  and  lakes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Formerly  rare  summer  resident  in  Casco  Bay. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant :  Hampton. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  from  Cape  Cod  south 
(formerly  at  Ipswich);  elsewhere  now  casual.  (April  27)  May  4- 
Oct.  Eggs,  May  31-June  29. 

R.  I. —  Now  rare  but  formerly  a  more  common  summer  visitor 
coastwise.  -Aug.  20. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  visitor,  formerly  common. 

°9.     STERNA  FUSCATA  Linne. 

Sooty  tern;    Egg-bird. 
Linne,  Syst.  nat,  ed.   12,  1766,  vol.   1,  p.  228.     "IN  INSULA 

DOMINICENSI." 


AVES.  21 

LONGIPENNES. 

LARIDAE. 

Sterna  fuliginosa  Lath.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  90,  pi.  432.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  104,  pi.  30,  fig.  4-6. 
Seacoasts;   nests  on  sandy  shores. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:   Parkman,  Oct.  5,  1878. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Newmarket,  about  Sept.  14,  1878; 
(nee  Lake  Winnepesaukee). 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  Lake  Champlain,  early  Sept.  1876; 
Rutland,  1876. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Chatham,  Sept.  1877;  Lawrence, 
Oct.  29,  1876;  Williamstown,  Sept.  1876. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  (?)  Newport,  1877;  Point  Judith, 
Sept.  1876;  Woonsocket,  July  16,  1897. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor.     Sept. 

40.     HYDROCHELIDON  NIGRA  SURINAMENSIS  (Gmelin)  Stejneger. 

Black  tern. 

Sterna  surinamensis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  604. 
"SURINAM." 

Sterna  nigra  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  116,  pi.  438. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;   nests  in  fresh  marshes. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  migrant.     Aug.  14-28. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  June  10; 
Aug.  24-Sept.  30. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant :   Lake  Bomoseen,  June  6,  1883. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  early  fall  migrant.  June 
7-10;  (July  11)  Aug.  8-Sept.  26. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  in  fall,  coastwise.  Spring; 
July  30-Sept.  18. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  coastwise,  mainly  in  fall.     Aug.  24. 


22  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LONGIPENNES. 

RYNCHOPIDAE. 

41.  RYNCHOPS  NIGRA  Linne. 

Black  skimmer;    Cut-water;   Scissor-biU;   Sea-crow;    Sea-dog; 
Razor-bill. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.   10,   1758,  vol.   1,  p.   138.     "AMERICA. 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  67,  pi.  428. 
Seacoasts;  nests  on  sandy  shores. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Matinicus  Id.;  off  Saco,  Aug.  31, 
1879;  Washington  Co.;  Wells  Bay. 

MASS. —  Occasional  summer  visitor  coastwise,  said  to  have 
bred  about  1830  at  Muskeget  Id.;  casual  inland  (Springfield). 
July  16-Aug.  19'. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:    Stonington   (Linsley). 

TUBINARES. 

PROCELLARIIDAE. 

42.  FULMARUS  GLACIALIS  (Linne")  Stephens. 

Fulmar;    Marbleheader;    Noddy;    Oil-bird. 
Procellaria   glacialis   Linne,  Fauna   Suec.,    ed.  2,   1761,  p.   51. 

"IN     MARI     SEPTENTR.     INTRA     CIRCULUM     ARCTICUM."       Audubon, 

Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  204,  pi.  455.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896, 
p.  73,  pi.  20,  fig.  5. 

Mainly  pelagic;  nests  in  shallow  burrows  or  on  cliffs. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor  offshore:  "coast  of  Maine/'  March, 
1879. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor  offshore:  Georges  Bank. 
Oct.  28-winter. 


AVES.  23 

TUBINARES. 

PROCELLARIIDAE. 

43.  PUFFINUS  BOREALIS  Cory. 
Cory's  shearwater. 

Cory,  Bull.  Nuttall  ornith.  club,  1881,  vol.  6,  p.  84.     "NEAR 
CHATHAM  ISLAND,  CAPE  COD,  MASS/' 
Pelagic;    nest  unknown. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  and  fall  visitor  offshore.  Aug.  2— 
Nov. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  summer  and  fall  visitor  offshore.  Aug.  15- 
Oct.  26. 

44.  PUFFINUS  GRAVIS  (O'Reilly)  Salvin. 
Greater  shearwater;    Hag;   Hagdon. 

Procellaria  gravis  O'Reilly,  Greenland,  adjacent  seas,  and 
northwest  pass.,  1818,  p.  140,  pi.  12,  fig.  1.  "LATITUDE  OF  CAPE 
FAREWELL  AND  STATEN  HOOK,"  GREENLAND. 

Puffinus  cinereus  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  212,  pi.  456. 

Pelagic;   nest  and  eggs  unknown. 

ME. —  Common  summer  visitor  offshore.     Aug.  10. 
N.  H. —  Summer  visitor  offshore:  Portsmouth. 
MASS. —  Common    summer   and    fall    visitor   offshore;     casual 
inland  (Dover).     May  26-Nov.  (?Dec.  31). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  summer  and  fall  visitor  offshore. 
CONN. —  Uncommon  summer  and  fall  visitor  offshore. 

45.     PUFFINUS  GRISEUS  (Gmelin)  Finsch. 
Sooty  shearwater;   Black  hag  or  hagdon. 

Godman,  Monogr.  petrels,  1908,  pt.  2,  p.  145,  pi.  38. 
Procellaria  grisea  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  561. 

"IN  HEMISPHAERIO  AUSTRALI,  INTER  35°   &  50°." 

Pelagic;   nests  in  burrows  on  sea  islands. 


24  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

TUBINARES. 

PROCELLARIIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  summer  visitor  offshore.     May-summer. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  and  fall  visitor  offshore.  (Mar.) 
July  4-Oct. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  summer  visitor  offshore.  (Mar.  28)  May- 
Sept. 

46.  AESTRELATA  HASITATA  (Kuhl)  Coues. 

Black-capped  petrel;   Diablotin. 

Procellaria  hasitata  Kuhl,  Beitr.  z.  zool.,  1820,  pt.  2,  p.  142. 
No  locality. 

Oestrelata  liaesitata  (Kuhl).  Godman,  Monogr.  petrels,  1908, 
pt.  3,  p.  184,  pi.  49. 

Mainly  pelagic;   nests  in  burrows  on  islands. 

N.  H.— Accidental  visitor:   Pittsfield,  about  Aug.  30,  1893. 
VT. —  Accidental  \isitor:  last  of  August,  1893  (place  unknown). 

47.  DAPTION  CAPENSIS  (Linne")  Stephens. 

Pintado  petrel;    Gape  pigeon. 

Salvin,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1896,  vol.  25,  p.  428.  Gould, 
Birds  of  Australia,  1848,  vol.  7,  pi.  53. 

Procellaria  capensis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  132. 
"AD  CAP[ITEM]  B[ONAE]  SPEI." 

Pelagic;   nests  in  burrows  on  islands  of  southern  hemisphere. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Lake  Mooseluckmeguntic,  Sept.  1872 
(nee  Harpswell). 

48.  OCEANODROMA  LEUCORHOA  (Vieillot)  Stejneger. 

Leach's  petrel;    Carey  chicken;    Mother  Carey's  chicken. 

Procellaria  hucorhoa  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1817,  vol. 
25,  p.  422.  "LES  BORDS  MARITIMES  DE  LA  PICARDIE,"  FRANCE. 


AVES.  25 

TUBINARES. 

PROCELLARIIDAE. 

Thalassidroma    leachii    Temm.     Audubon,    Birds    o'f    Amer., 
1844,  vol.  7,  p.  219,  pi.  459.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  24,  fig.  1. 
Pelagic;   nests  in  colonies  on  islands,  in  burrows. 

ME. —  Abundant  summer  resident  on  outer  islands  from  Casco 
Bay  north.  May-Oct.  21.  Eggs,  June  10- Aug.  19. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  offshore;  occasional  inland  in  fall. 
Spring-Nov. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:   Lake  Champlain. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  offshore;  casual  inland  in  fall. 
June  21;  Sept.  1-Nov.  25. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  offshore.     June  9;  Aug.  29-Oct.  14. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  offshore,  casual  inland.     Oct.  27. 

49.     OCEANITES  OCEANICUS  (Kuhl)  Lichtenstein. 

Wilson's  petrel;    Mother  Carey's  chicken. 

Procellaria  oceanica  Kuhl,  Beitr.  z.  zooL,  1820,  pt.  2,  p.  136,  pJ. 
10,  fig.  1.  No  locality  given. 

Thalassidroma  wilsonii  Bonap.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1844,  vol.  7,  p.  223,  pi.  460. 

Pelagic;  nests  within  Antarctic  circle,  in  burrows. 

ME. —  Common  summer  visitor  offshore;  casual  inland  (near 
Augusta).  June-Sept.  17. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  visitor  offshore. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  St.  Albans  (may  have  been  0.  leu- 
corhoa) . 

MASS. —  Common  summer  visitor  offshore.     June  17-Sept.  23. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  visitor  offshore.     July-Aug. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  summer  visitor  offshore. 


26  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

STEGANOPODES. 

SULIDAE. 

50.  SULA  LEUCOGASTRA  (Boddaert)  Sclater  &  Salvin. 

Booby;    Booby  gannet. 

Pelecanus  leucogaster  Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist. 
nat.,  1783,  p.  57.  Based  on  Buffon. 

Sula  fusca  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p. 
57,  pi.  426. 

Seacoasts;   nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS.— Accidental  visitor:    Cape  Cod,   about  Sept.   17,   1878 
(nee  Essex  Co.). 
CONN. —  Linsley's  record  (Guilford)  said  to  refer  to  S.  bassana. 

51.  SULA  BASSANA  (Linne)  Boie. 

Gannet;   Solan  goose;   White  gannet. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  44,  pi.  425.  Egg, 
Seebohm,  1896,  p.  69,  pi.  19,  fig.  4. 

Pelecanus  bassanus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  133. 
"IN  SCOTIA,  AMERICA." 

Coastwise;  nests  in  colonies  on  a  few  rocky  islets  of  North 
Atlantic. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant.     April-May;    Sept.-Oct.  9. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  offshore.  Mar.  26- June  7;  Aug.  3- 
Dec.  21. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  offshore.  April-May  16;  Sept.  10- 
Oct.  26. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant  offshore. 


AVES.  27 

STEGANOPODES. 

PHALACROCORACIDAE. 

52.  PHALACROCORAX  CARBO  (Linne")  Leach. 

Cormorant;    Common  cormorant;   Shag;  Taunton  shag;    Taun- 
ton  turkey. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  412,  pi.  415.  Coues, 
Key  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  2,  p.  963.  Egg,  Capen, 
1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  8. 

Pelecanus  carbo  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  133. 
"IN  EUROPA." 

Salt  water  mainly;  nests  in  colonies  on  sea  cliffs. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  winter  resident.  Oct.- 
April  20. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:    Rutland,   1867. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  coastwise. 
April-May  14;  Sept.  22-Nov.  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident.  Sept.  15- 
(June  3). 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Fall-May. 

53.  PHALACROCORAX  AURITUS  (Lesson)  Grant. 

Double-crested  cormorant;   Shag;    Taunton  turkey. 
Carbo  auritus  Less.,  Traite  d'ornith.,  1831,  vol.  1,  p.  605.     "Nou- 

VELLE-ZELANDE. "[ !] 

Phalacrocorax  dilophus  Coues,  Key  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903, 
vol.  2,  p.  963,  fig.  676;  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1835,  vol.  3,  pi. 
257.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  22,  fig.  1. 

Coastal;  nests  in  colonies  on  sea  cliffs. 

ME. —  Common  migrant;  rare  winter  and  summer  (Black  Horse 
Ledge)  resident.  Eggs,  June  23- July  3. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  coastwise;  occasional  inland. 
Spring;  Oct. 


28  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

STEGANOPODES. 

PHALACROCORACIDAE. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Burlington,  Nov.;  Cambridge,  Dec.; 
Windsor. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  April  4-June  18 
(July  7);  Aug.  22-Nov.  24. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  April  22-May  22; 
(Aug.  21)  Sept.  16-Nov. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  April-May; 
mid-July-Nov.  13. 

PELECANIDAE. 

54.  PELECANUS  ERYTHRORHYNCHOS  Gmelin. 

American  white  pelican. 
Gmel.,  Syst.  nat,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  571.     "ix  AMERICA 

SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Pelecanus  americanus  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7, 
p.  20,  pi.  422. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Calais;  Eliot,  pair,  June  8,  1897; 
Saponic  Lake,  May  28,  1892. 

N.  H. —  Formerly  a  visitor  (Belknap). 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Gloucester,  1886;  North  Scituate, 
Oct.  5,  1876;  Sandwich,  May  13,  1905. 

55.  PELECANUS  OCCIDENTALS  (Linne)  Richmond. 

Brown  pelican. 

Pelecanus  onocrota'us  occidentalis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766, 
vol.  1,  p.  215.  "AMERICA." 

Pelecanus  fuscus  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol. 
7,  p.  32,  pis.  423,  424. 

Coastal;  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  low  trees. 


AVES.  29 

STEGANOPODES. 

PELECANIDAE. 

ME. —  The  supposed  Bar  Harbor  specimen  was  an  escape  brought 
from  South  America. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  (?  Ipswich,  doubtful);  Nantucket, 
about  1867  (flock  of  13). 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:   near  New  Haven. 

FREGATIDAE. 

56.  FREGATA  AQUILA  (Linne")  Reichenbach. 

Man-o'-war  bird;    Frigate-bird;    Man-o'-war  hawk. 

Pelecanus  aquilus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  133. 
"IN  INSULA  ADSCENSIONIS  ALIISQUE  PELAGICIS." 

Tachypetes  aquilus  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  10,  pi.  421. 

Coastal ;  nests  in  colonies,  in  low  trees  or  on  ground. 

ME. —  Doubtfully  recorded  from  Boothbay. 
MASS.— Accidental  visitor:    New  Bedford,  Oct.  17,  1893  (rec- 
ord not  confirmed). 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:   Faulkner's  Id.,  autumn,  1859. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

57.  MERGUS  AMERICANUS  Cassin. 

American  Merganser;   Buff-breasted  Merganser;  Goosander; 
Pond  she  lid  rake. 

Cassin,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1853,  vol.  6,  p.  187.  Based  on 
Wilson,  no  locality;  probably  New  Jersey  or  Pennsylvania. 

Mergus  merganser  Linne".  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  387,  pi.  411.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  5. 

Mainly  in  fresh  water;  nests  in  hollow  trees. 


30  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  less  common 
summer  resident  inland.  Eggs,  late  May-June  19. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant;  less  common  summer  resident  from 
White  Mts.  north,  and  winter  resident  in  open  streams  south  of 
White  Mts. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident;  rare  winter  resident  in 
open  streams.  Eggs,  June  18. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  on 
freshwater  lakes  and  streams;  said  to  have  bred  formerly.  Oct.  12- 
May  1;  summer  (Springfield). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  on  ponds 
and  rivers.  Nov.-May  2. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  on 
ponds  and  rivers.  Fall-April  17. 

58.     MERGUS  SERRATOR  Linne. 

Red-breasted  Merganser;    Shelldrake. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  129.  "IN  EUROPA." 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  395,  pi.  412.  Egg 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  6. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  uncom- 
mon summer  resident  on  coastal  islands  or  inland  lakes.  Eggs, 
June  21. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  mainly  coastwise. 
Nov.-April. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant.     April;  Oct. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coastwise; 
a  few  non- breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.  23-May  26 
(summer). 


AVES.  31 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise  ;  a  few 
non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Oct.  29-May  19  (summer). 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coast- 
wise. Fall-April  14. 

59.  LOPHODYTES  CUCULLATUS  (Linne")  Reichenbach. 

Hooded  Merganser;  Hairy-crown;    Hairy-head;    Hooded  shell- 
drake;   Sawbill  diver;    Water  pheasant. 

Mergus  cucullatus  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  129. 
"AMERICA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  402,  pi. 
413.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  7. 

Fresh  water  mainly;  nests  in  hollow  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar.  31-May;  sum- 
mer; Sept  .-late  Nov. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident  (Lake  Umbagog). 
Mar.-Nov. 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident.     Mar.  27-Sept. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant.  Mar.  18-April  18;  (Aug.  11, 
Cambridge)  Oct.  7-Nov.  30  (Dec.  22). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  Oct.- 
May. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  Nov.- 
Mar.  6. 

60.  ANAS  PLATYRHYNCHOS  Linne". 

Mallard;    Greenhead;   Wild  mallard. 
Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  125.     "IN  EUROPAE 

MARITIMIS." 

Anas  boschas  Linne".  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  236,  pi.  385. 

Rivers,  ponds,  and  in  migrations,  seacoasts;    nests  in  marshes. 


32  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  winter  resident.  April;  Oct.  1-Nov. 
15  (winter). 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant.     Spring;  Oct. -Nov.  9. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant ;  rare  in  winter.  Mar.  27— May  1 ; 
Sept.  22-Dec.  17  (Dec.  26,  Jan.  9). 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Oct.-April. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  Spring; 
Sept.  30-Nov. 

61.  ANAS  RUBRIPES  (Brewster)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Black  duck;   Black  mallard;    Dusky  duck;    Red-legged  black 
duck;  Spring  black  duck;  Winter  black  duck. 

Anas  obscura rubripes Brewst.,  Auk,  1902,  vol.  19,  p.  184.  "LAKE 
UMBAGOG  (NEW  HAMPSHIRE  SHORE)." 

Anas  obscura  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p. 
244,  pi.  386.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  fig.  10. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and 
(coastwise)  winter  resident.  Eggs,  April  28  (Me.). 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident.  Eggs, 
May. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  (mainly  coast- 
wise); uncommon  local  summer  resident.  Eggs,  April  19-May. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  rare  summer 
resident.  Sept.  29-May;  summer.  Eggs,  May  5-21. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  rare  summer 
resident.  Sept.-May;  summer. 

62.  CHAULELASMUS  STREPERUS  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 
Gad  wall;    Gray  duck. 

Anas  strepera  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  125.     "IN 


AVES.  33 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

EUROPAE  AQUIS  DULCifius."     Audubon,   Birds  of  Amer.,   1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  254,  pi.  388.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  37,  pi.  14,  fig.  3. 
Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME.— Rare  migrant.  April  29,  1879  (Scarborough);  Oct.  27- 
29. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant:   Hampton;   Portsmouth,  spring. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Otter  Creek,  spring  1879;  St.  Albans. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant.     Oct.  2-Nov.  1. 

R.  L—  Rare  migrant.     Feb.  26-May  4;  Oct.  8-Dec.  1.  i   i 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.     Aug.-Oct.  14. 

63.  MARECA  PENELOPE  (Linne)  Selby. 
Widgeon;  European  widgeon. 

Anas  penelope  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  126.  "IN 
EUROPAE  MARITIMIS  &  PALUDIBUS."  Salvadori,  Cat.  birds  of 
British  mus.,  1895,  vol.  27,  p.  227.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe, 
1871-81,  vol.  6,  pis.  [432,  433].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  38,  pi.  13, 
fig- 4.  . 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  on  the  ground. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS.—  Accidental  visitor:  Halifax,  Oct.  20,  1899;  Marblehead, 
Dec.  29,  1900;  Mass.  ?  (Samuels). 

\{.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Middletown,  Sept.  20,  1889. 

64.  MARECA  AMERICANA  (Gmelin)  Stephens. 

Baldpate;   American  widgeon. 

Anas  americana  GmeL,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  526. 
"AMERICA  A  CAYENNA  INSULISQUE  VICINI  OCEANI  AD  SINUM  HUD- 
SONIS."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  259,  pi.  389. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;    nests  in  marsHes. 


34  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  coastwise;  accidental  in 
winter.  Mar.  18-April;  Sept.-Nov.  18  (Feb.  20,  1884,  Freeport). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant.     April;   Sept.-Oct. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  (Nan- 
tucket).  Mar.  22-April  17;  Sept.  6-Dec.  2  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     ?  April;  Sept.  20-early  Dec. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant. 

65.  NETTION  CRECCA  (Linne)  Kaup. 

European  teal;   Teal. 

Salvadori,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1895,  vol.  27,  p.  243. 

Anas  crecca  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  126.     "IN 

EUROPAE  AQUIS  DtTLCIBUS." 

Querquedula  crecca  (Linne).     Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871- 
81,  vol.  6,  pi.  [426].     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  40,  pi.  16,  fig.  3. 
Fresh  water  mainly;   nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Casco  Bay,  April  6,  1903. 
MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:   "Massachusetts"  (Samuels');  Mus- 
keget  Id.,  Mar.  16,  1890;  Sagamore,  Feb.  20,  1896. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:   East  Hartford,  Nov.  14,  1889. 

66.  NETTION  CAROLINENSIS  (Gmelin)  Baird. 

Green-winged  teal. 

Anas  carolinensis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  533. 
"IN  AMERICAE,  A  CAROLINA  AD  SINUM  HUDSONIS,  STAGNIS  SILVA- 
TICIS."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  281,  pi.  392. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  fig.  11. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Common  migrant.     April;    Sept.  15-Nov.  15. 
N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant. 


AVES.  35 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

VT. —  Common  migrant;    (?  " summer  resident").     Mar.;  Sept. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  spring  and  rare  fall  migrant;  accidental  in 
winter.  April  4-23;  Sept.  6-Dec.  13  (Jan.  1;  Feb.  1,  1892,  West 
Barnstable). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant;  rare  in  winter.  Mar..;  Sept.  2- 
Nov.  7  (Dec.  30). 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  Fall- 
Mar. 

67.  QUERQUEDULA  DiscoRS  (Linne)  Stephens. 

Blue-winged  teal. 

Anas  discors  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  205.  "IN 
AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  287,  pi.  393.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  fig.  12. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  Washington  Co.,  a  rare  summer 
resident.  (Mar.  8)  April-May;  summer;  Sept.  15-Oct.  16. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May;    Aug.  15-Nov. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant;  (?  "summer  resident").  April- 
May;  fall. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant;  probably  once 
bred.  April  11-May  31;  (June  8  and  20,  Cambridge);  Aug.  16- 
Nov.  26. 

R.  I. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant  and  rare  sum- 
mer resident  (at  Sakonnet).  May  (summer);  Aug.  27-Nov.  5. 
Eggs,  May. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  Spring; 
Aug.-Oct.  20. 

68.  SPATULA  CLYPEATA  (Linn£)  Boie. 

Shoveler;   Spoonbill. 
Anas  clypeata  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  124.     "IN 


36  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

EUROPAE  MARITIMIS."     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  0, 
p.  293,  pi.  394.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  42,  pi.  13,  fig.  2. 
Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  coastwise.     April  14-23;   Sept. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant:   Hampton;   Rye  Beach,  Aug.  1872. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant.     Spring;    Sept.  17-Nov.  7. 

R.  I.— Rare  migrant.     April  10;   Oct.  2-28. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.     (Late  July)  Aug.-Dec.  8. 

69.  DAFILA  ACUTA  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 

Pintail;    Gray  duck  (9);   Pheasant  duck;   Sprigtail. 

Anas  acuta  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  126.  "IN 
EUROPAE  MARITIMIS."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  p.  266, 
pi.  390.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  38,  pi.  13,  fig.  3. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;   nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant.  Late  Mar.-April;  Sept.  20-Nov.  7 
(late  Nov.). 

N.  H.,  VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant.  (Feb.  21)  Mar.  8-April  3;  Sept.  11- 
Dec.  21. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  coastwise.     Spring;   Sept.  4. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant;  (?  rare  winter  resident).  Mar. 
23;  fall. 

70.  Aix  SPONSA  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 

Wood  duck;  Bride  duck;  Rainbow  duck;  Regal  duck;  Summer 
duck. 

Anas  sponsa  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  128.  "IN 
AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  271,  pi.  391.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  1. 


AVES.  37 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

Freshwater  streams  and  ponds;  nests  in  hollow  trees,  rarely  on 
the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar.  28- 
late  Nov. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.     Mar.-Dec. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  8- 
Oct.  23. 

MASS.— Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident;  acci- 
dental in  winter.  (Mar.  10)  Mar.  20-April  30;  summer;  Sept. 
15-Nov.  18  (Dec.  31, 1890,  So.  Weymouth;  Jan.  11, 1888,  Taunton). 
Eggs,  April  23-May  2. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident.  Mar.- 
Nov.  11.  Eggs,  May  10. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident;  acci- 
dental in  winter.  Mar.  18-Oct.  (Jan.  9,  1880,  Norwich).  Eggs, 
May. 

71.     MARILA  AMERICANA  (Eyton)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Redhead;    American  pochard. 

Fuligula  americana  Eyt.,  Monogr.  Anatidae,  1838,  p.  155. 
"NORTH  AMERICA/' 

Fuligula  ferina  Linne*.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  311,  pi.  396. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant;  said  formerly  to  have  bred  in  Washington 
Co.  Mar.  27;  Sept.  21-Nov.  5. 

N.  H. —  Rare  fall  migrant. 

VT. —  Rare  fall  migrant:    Lake  Champlain. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  more  frequent  in  fall,  and  rare  winter 
resident  on  south  coast.  Mar.  6-April  3;  Oct.  4-Dec.  21  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Oct.  8-Feb.  3. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant. 


38  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES 

ANATIDAE. 

72.  MARILA  VALLISNERIA  (Wilson)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Canvas-back. 

Anas  valisineria  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1814,  vol.  8,  p.  103,  pi.  70, 
fig.  5.  "HUDSON  AND  DELAWARE RIVERS AND  IN  THE 

NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF  THE  CHESAPEAKE  BAY." 

Fuligula  valimeriana  (Wils.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1843,  vol.  6,  p.  299,  pi.  395. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Very  rare  fall  migrant. 

VT. —  Very  rare  migrant:   Lake  Champlain  (Perkins). 
MASS.— Rare   migrant.     Mar.  11-31;    Oct.  19-Dec.  18  (Jan. 
8,  Cambridge). 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant.     April;   Oct.  2-Nov.  16. 
CONN. —  Rare  migrant.     May  7. 

73.  MARILA  MARILA  (Linne*)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Greater  scaup;  Blackhead;  Bluebill;  Bluehead;  Broadbill;  Raft 
duck;   Widgeon. 

Anas  marila  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  196.     "IN 

EUROPAE  ALPINIS  IN  SVECIA,  NORVEGIA,  AUSTRIA." 

Fuligula   marila    (Linne").     Audubon,    Birds    of   Amer.,    1844, 
vol.  7,  p.  355,  pi.  498.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  46,  pi.  14,  fig.  2. 
Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Common  coastwise  migrant;  rare  in  winter.  Oct.- 
Nov. ;  (winter) ;  Mar  .-April. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  April;  Oct.- 
Dec.  13. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  at  Lake  Champlain. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring,  and  common  fall  migrant;  winters  locally 
on  coast.  Mar.  27-May  1;  Sept.  18-Dec.  26;  winter. 


AVES.  39 

ANSERES 

ANATIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident 
coastwise.  Oct.  1-May  1  (July  19,  1900,  cripple). 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  winter  resident 
coastwise.  Oct.-May  17  (June). 

74.  MARILA  AFFINIS  (Eyton)  Bonaparte. 

Lesser   scaup;    Blue-billed   shoveler;    Greek  broadbill;    Little 
blackhead;  Little  bluebill;   Little  raft  duck;  River  broadbill. 

Fuligula  affinis  Eyt.,  Monogr.  Anatidae,  1838,  p.  157.  "  NORTH 
AMERICA." 

Fuligula  marila  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol. 
6,  p.  316,  pi.  397. 

Aythya  affinis  (Eyt.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer., 
1895,  p.  112. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;   nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant.     Mar.-AprH;   Oct.-Nov. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Lake  Champlain;  Otter  Creek,  May  19, 
1883. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant;  rare  winter 
resident  on  south  coast.  Mar.  2-April  14  (May  5);  Oct.  8-Dec.  6 
(winter). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Oct.  15- April. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident.  Oct.-May 
17  (June). 

75.  MARILA  COLLARIS  (Donovan)  Bonaparte. 

Ring-necked  duck;    Ring-neck  scaup. 

Anas  collaris  Donov.,  British  birds,  1809,  vol.  6,  pi.  147  and  text. 
"SUPPOSED  TO  HAVE  BEEN LINCOLNSHIRE,"  ENGLAND. 

Fuligula  rufitorques  Bonap.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  320,  pi.  398. 


40  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

Aythya  collaris  (Donov.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  112. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant;  once  bred  in  Washington  Co.  Mar.  31- 
May  1;  (summer);  Oct.  11-Nov.  2. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant:  Concord,  Nov.;  Little  Bay  near  Ports- 
mouth. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant.     Mar.-April;    Oct.  4-Nov.  30. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant.     Nov.  11. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant. 

76.     CLANGULA  CLANGULA  AMERICANA  (Bonaparte)  Faxon. 

American  goldeneye;    Garrot;    Whistler;   Whistle-wing. 

Clangula  americana  Bonap.,  Geogr.  and  comparative  list  birds 
Europe  and  No.  Amer.,  1838,  *p.  58.  "AMERICA." 

Fuligula  clangula  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  362,  pi.  406.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  2. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;    nests  in  hollow  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  less 
common  summer  resident  in  northern  part.  Eggs,  May  27- June  8. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise  or  in 
open  rivers;  uncommon  summer  resident  (Lake  Umbagog). 

VT. —  Common  migrant  on  Lake  Champlain  and  Connecticut 
River. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  mainly  coast- 
wise. Oct.  8-May  1  (July  26,  Boston). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise.  Nov. 
15-April  20. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  mainly  coastwise. 
Late  Oct.-April  16. 


AVES.  41 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

77.  CLANGULA  ISLANDICA  (Gmelin)  Bonaparte. 

Barrow's  goldeneye. 
Anas  islandica  Gmelin,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  541. 

"IN  ISLANDIA." 

C languid  barrovii  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Boreali- 
Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  456,  pi.  70. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;   nests  in  hollow  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Jan.-April. 
N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Little  Bay,  Portsmouth. 
VT. —  Erroneously  recorded. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Dec.  7-Feb.  22. 
CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise:    off  Portland,  Nov.  14, 
1867. 

78.  CHARITONETTA  ALBEOLA  (Linne")  Stejneger. 

Bufflehead;   Bumble-bee  duck;  Butter  ball;  Devil  diver;  Dipper; 
Hell  diver;   Spirit  duck. 

Anas  albeola  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10, 1758,  vol.  1,  p.  124.  "  AMER- 
ICA." 

Fuligula  albeola  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol. 
6,  p.  369,  pi.  408. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;   nests  in  hollow  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  on  south  coast  an  uncommon  winter 
resident;  said  to  nest  in  Washington  Co.  Late  Oct. -April  (May 
11)  (summer). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  chiefly 
coastwise.  Mar.-April;  Oct.-Nov.  (winter). 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant.  / 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  Mar.  1 1- 
April  8;  Oct.  9-Dec.  23  (winter). 


42  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  coastwise. 
April;  Oct.  13-Dec.  7  (winter). 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident.  Nov.-April 
15. 

79.  HARELDA  HYEMALIS  (Linne)  L.  Brehm. 

Old  squaw;   Long-tailed  duck;    Old  injun;    Old  wife;   Scolde- 
nore;   Scolder;   South-southerly. 

Anas  hyemalis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  126.  "IN 
EUROPA  &  AMERICA  ARCTICA." 

Fuligula  glacialis  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  379,  pi.  410.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  50,  pi.  15,  fig.  3. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  a  few 
non-breeding  birds  summer.  Late  Nov.-May  21  (summer). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  chiefly  coastwise. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant  to  Lake  Champlain  and  Connecticut  Valley. 
Oct.  24. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coastwise. 
Oct.  10-May  22  (June  17). 

R.  I.  —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Nov.  7-May  4. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise. 
Oct.-May. 

80.  HISTRIONICUS  HISTRIONICUS  (Linne)  Boucard. 

Harlequin  duck;   Lord-and-lady;   Sea  mouse. 

Anas  histrionica  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  127. 
"AMERICA." 

Fuligula  histrionica  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  374,  pi.  409.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  49,  pi.  15,  fig.  1. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  hollow  trees. 


AVES.  43 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

ME. —  Uncommon  winter  resident  about  rocky  islands.  Oct. 
19-Mar.  (April). 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Nov. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise;  casual  inland.  Nov.  1- 
Jan. 

R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Nov.  28-Jan.  29. 

81.  CAMPTORHYNCHUS  LABRADORIUS  (Gmelin)  Bonaparte- 
Labrador  duck;    Pied  duck;   Sand-shoal  duck. 

Anas  labradoria  Gmel.,  Syst,  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  537. 
"IN  AMERICA  BOREALI." 

Fuligula  labradora  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  329,  pi.  400. 

Formerly  on  seacoast;  nests  on  "tops  of  low  fir  trees."  Last 
specimen  taken  in  1875. 

ME. —  Formerly  a  winter  visitor  coastwise. 
MASS. —  Formerly  a  winter  visitor  coastwise;   last  taken  in  the 
State  at  Swampscott,  early  September,  1862. 
CONN. —  Formerly  a  winter  resident  (Stratford). 

82.  SOMATERIA   MOLLISSIMA   BOREALis    (C.    L.    Brehm)    A.    E. 
Brehm. 

Northern  eider;    Greenland  eider. 

Platypus  borealis  C.  L.  Brehm,  Lehrb.  naturg.  europ.  vogel, 
1824,  vol.  2,  p.  813.  COASTS  AND  ISLANDS  OF  BAFFIN  BAY  AND 
DAVIS  STRAIT  (fide  H.  C.  Oberholser). 

Somateria  mollissima  (Linne).  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Water  birds  No.  Amer.,  1884,  vol.  2,  p.  72,  figs,  on  p.  77. 

Salt  water  chiefly;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Oct.  19-April  6. 
MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Late  Oct.-April  3. 
R.  I. —  Unsatisfactorily  recorded  from  Newport. 


44  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

83.  SOMATERIA  DRESSERI  Sharpe. 

American  eider;    Ganvasback;   Sea  duck;    Wamp. 

Sharpe,  Ann.  mag.  nat.  hist.,  1871,  ser.  4,  vol.  8,  p.  51.  [NORTH 
AMERICA]. 

Fuligula  mollissima  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  349,  pi.  405.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  3. 

Salt  water  chiefly;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  winter,  and  from  Isle  au  Haut  north,  rare 
summer  resident.  Nov.-April;  summer.  Eggs,  June  15- July  4. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise. 
Nov.  5-April  19. 

R.I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise. 

CONN. —  Rare  winter  resident  coastwise.     Fall-(May  29). 

84.  SOMATERIA  SPECTABILIS  (Linne")  Leach. 

King  eider. 

Anas  spectabilis  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  123. 
"IN  CANADA,  SVECIA." 

Fuligula  spectabilis  (Linne*).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  347,  pi.  404.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  54,  pi.  9,  fig.  1. 

Salt  water  chiefly;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  winter  resident  coastwise.  Dec.  11-April  15 
(May  29). 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor:   Hampton. 
MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Oct.  21-April  5. 
R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     (Sept.  15)  Nov.  27-Feb. 
CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise.     Nov.  4. 


AVES.  45 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

85.  OIDEMIA  AMERICANA  Swainson. 

American  scoter;  Black  coot;  Butterbill;  Butterbill  coot;  Tel- 
low-billed  coot. 

Swains.,  in  Swains,  and  Rich.,  Fauna  Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2, 
p.  450.  "HUDSON'S  BAY,  LAT.  57°." 

Fuligula  americana  (Swains.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  343,  pi.  403. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  mainly 
coastwise;  a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant:   St.  Johnsbury;   Windsor. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  a  few  non- 
breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.  8-May  24  (summer). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise.     Oct.- 
May  11. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Oct.  4-May. 

86.  OIDEMIA  DEGLANDI  Bonaparte. 

White-winged  scoter;    May  white-wing;   Velvet  duck;   White- 
winged  coot. 

Bonap.,  Rev.  crit.  de  Torn.  Europ.  de  Dr.  Degland,  1850,  p.  108. 
"AMERICA." 

Fuligula  fusca  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  332,  pi.  401. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  mainly 
coastwise;  a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant :   Middlebury. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  mainly  coastwise; 
a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.  6-May  25 
(summer). 


46  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coastwise; 
a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.  15-May;  sum- 
mer. 

CONN. —  Abundant  migrant  and  common  winter  resident,  mainly 
coastwise;    a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore.     Oct.  4- 
May  15;  summer. 

87.  OIDEMIA  PERSPICILLATA  (Linne*)  Stephens. 

Surf  scoter;  Baldheaded  coot;  Box  coot;  Gray  coot;  Hollow- 
billed  coot;  Patch-bill  coot;  Patch-poll  coot;  Sea  coot: 
Skunk-head. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  118. 
Anas  perspicillata  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  125. 
"CANADA." 

Fuligula  perspicillata  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1843,  vol.  6,  p.  337,  pi.  402.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  52,  pi.  15, 
fig.  2. 

Salt  water  mainly;    nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  mainly 
coastwise;  a  few  non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Bradford. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  a 
few  non-breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.  4-May  9;  sum- 
mer. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  a  few 
non- breeding  birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.  1-May  21;  summer. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  a  few  non-breed- 
ing birds  summer  offshore.  Sept.-April;  summer. 

88.  ERISMATURA  JAMAICENSIS  (Gmelin)  Salvadori. 

Ruddy  duck;   Booby;   Broadbill;   Dumb-bird;   Foolish  coot. 
Anas  jamaicensis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  519. 
"JAMAICA." 


AVES.  47 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

Fuligula  rubidd  Wils.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  324,  pi.  399.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  21,  fig.  4. 
Fresh  water  chiefly;  nests  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  and  rare  summer  resident.  April- 
May;  (summer);  Oct.-Nov. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant,  rare  in  summer;  may  breed 
(Newfound  Lake,  July  11,  1901;  Rye  Beach,  Aug.  22,  1879). 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident  (Lake 
Memphremagog) . 

MASS. —  Common  migrant;  very  rare  summer  resident  (Cape 
Cod).  Mar.  20-(summer);  Sept.  30-Dec.  14  (Dec.  25,  1902, 
Woods  Hole;  Jan.  9,  1909,  Jamaica  Plain). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  occasional  summer  resident. 
Mar.;  Oct.  1-Dec.  22. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  in  fall;  rare  in  summer 
(June  5,  1893,  flock  of  5,  Portland).  Spring;  Oct.-Dec.  25. 

89.  NOMONYX  DOMINICUS  (Linne*)  Ridgway. 
Masked  duck. 

Ridgway,  Manual  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  114. 

Anas  dominica  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  p.  201.  "IN 
AMERICA  MERIDIONALI." 

Erismatura  dominica  Eyt.  Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Birds 
of  No.  Amer.,  1870,  vol.  2,  pi.  92. 

Fresh  water;  nests  among  rushes. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor  (or  escape) :  Alburgh  Springs  on  Lake 
Champlain. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Maiden,  Aug.  27,  1889. 

90.  CHEN  HYPERBOREA  (Pallas)  Boie. 

Lesser  snow  goose;  Mexican  goose;  Wavy;  White  brant. 
Ridgway,   Manual   No.   Amer.   birds,    1887,   p.    115.     Dresser, 


48  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  6,  pi.  [417],  lower  fig.  Egg,  See- 
bohm,  1896,  p.  30,  pi.  11,  fig.  3. 

Anser  hyperboreus  Pall.,  Spicilegia  zool.,  1769,  fasc.  6,  p.  25. 
"IN  TERRIS  BOREALIBUS,  AD  ORIENTEM  130°.  LONGITUDINIS, 
SIVE  CIRCA  LENAM  ET  IANAM  FLUVIOS." 

Salt  and  fresh  water;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  migrant.     Oct.  2-Dec. 

N.  H.— Rare  fall  migrant:  Lake  Umbagog,  Oct.  2,  1896;  Sea- 
brook. 

VT. —  Rare  fall  migrant:  Lake  Champlain;  ?  Lunenburg;  St. 
Johnsbury. 

MASS.— Rare  migrant.  April  13,  1908,  Townsend;  (?  July) 
Oct.  15-Nov.  21. 

R.  I.—  Rare  fall  migrant.     Sept.  3-Oct.  16. 

CONN. —  Rare  fall  migrant:  Saybrook,  fall,  1875;  Stratford, 
Oct.  5,  1842. 

91.     CHEN  HYPERBOREA  NIVALIS  (Forster)  Ridgway. 

Greater  snow  goose;   Wavy. 

Ridgway,  Manual  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  115. 

Anas  nivalis  Forster,  Phil,  trans,  roy.  soc.  London,  1772,  vol. 
62,  p.  413.  " SEVERN  RIVER,"  HUDSON  BAY. 

Anser  hyperboreus  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  212,  pi.  381,  fig.  1. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Now  an  accidental  visitor:  Georgetown,  April  25,  1903; 
mouth  of  Kennebec  River,  April  7,  1890;  Lubec,  April  30,  1906. 

MASS. —  Now  an  accidental  visitor:  near  Springfield  (Morris); 
various  doubtful  records. 

CONN. —  Now  an  accidental  visitor:  Stratford,  three  wintered, 
1867-68  (fide  Averill);  also  listed  by  Linsley  (1843),  but  may 
have  been  C.  hyperborea. 


AVES.  49 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

92.  CHEN  CAERULESCENS  (Linne")  Gundlach. 

Blue  goose;   Blue  wavy. 

Ridgway,  Manual  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  114.  Elliot, 
New  and  heretofore  unfigured  birds  No.  Amer.,  1869,  vol.  2,  pi.  43. 

Anas  caerulescens  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  124. 
"  CANADA." 

Salt  and  fresh  water;  nests  on  the  ground. 

N.  H.—  Rare  fall  migrant:  Lake  Umbagog,  Oct.  2,  1896. 
MASS.—  Rare  fall  migrant:  West  Gloucester,  Oct.  20,  1876. 
R.  I.— Rare  migrant:  Westerly,  Mar.  16,  1894.     Other  records 
in  error  for  C.  hyperborea. 

93.  ANSER  ALBIFRONS  GAMBELI  (Hartlaub)  Coues. 

American  white -fronted  goose;  Laughing  goose. 

Anser  gambelli  (sic)  Hartl.,  Rev.  and  mag.  zool.,  ser.  2,  1852, 
vol.  4,  p.  7.  "TEXAS." 

Anser  albifrons  Bechst.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  209,  pi.  380. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  on  the  ground. 

VT. —  Doubtfully   recorded. 

MASS. —  Accidental  migrant  (?  formerly  regular):  Ipswich, 
Aug.  1907;  Plymouth,  Nov.  26,  1897;  Quincy. 

94.  BRANTA  CANADENSIS  (Linne)  Bannister. 

Canada  goose;    Wild  goose. 

Anas  canadensis  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  123. 
"CANADA." 

Anser  canadensis  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  178,  pi.  376.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  35,  pi.  12,  fig.  2. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  on  the  ground,  rarely  in  trees. 


50  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

ME.— Common  migrant.  (Feb.  28)  Mar.  5-May;  Oct.  13- 
Dec.  8. 

N.  H.,  VT. —  Common  migrant.     Mar.  11-April;    Oct.-Dec.  7. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  formerly  summer  resident  (said  to 
have  bred  at  Lexington,  late  April,  1888);  may  winter  rarely  on 
south  coast.  Mar.  8- June  5;  (Aug.  3)  Sept.  21-Dec.  30  (Jan.  10; 
Jan.  31). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     Mar.  13-May  7;   Sept.  17-Dec.  29. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident. 
Mar  .-May  22;  Oct.-winter. 

95.  BRANTA  CANADENSIS  HUTCHINSII  (Richardson)  Coues. 

Hut  chins 's  goose;    ?  Southern  goose. 

Coues,  Key  to  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  2,  p.  905. 

Anser  hutchinsii  Rich.,  in  Swainson  and  Rich.,  Fauna  Boreali- 
Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  470.  "  MELVILLE  PENINSULA,"  ARCTIC 
AMERICA.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1835,  vol.  3,  p.  226,  pi.  277. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  migrant:  Cape  Elizabeth,  Nov.  13,  1894; 
Portland,  spring  1899;  Rangeley. 

MASS. —  Supposed  to  occur  as  a  migrant. 

CONN. —  ?  Uncommon  fall  migrant;  said  to  arrive  later  than 
B.  canadensis  and  to  pass  at  once  south  (Merriam,  1877). 

96.  BRANTA  BERNICLA  GLAUCOGASTRA  (C.  L.  Brehm)  Coues. 

White-bellied  brant;  Blue  brant;  Brant;  May  brant. 

Bernicla  glaucogaster  C.  L.  Brehm,  Handb.  d.  naturgesch.  aller 
vogel  Deutschl.,  1831,  p.  849.  "AUS  DEM  HOHEN  NORDEN  IM 
HERBSTE  AN  DIE  KUSTEN  DER  DEUTSCHEN  OSTSEE." 

Anser  bernicla  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  203,  pi.  379. 

Salt  water;  nests  on  the  ground. 


AVES.  51 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  coastwise  migrant.     April  27-May;   Oct.-Nov. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  coastwise  migrant,  casual  inland. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Common  coastwise  migrant;  uncommon  winter  resi- 
dent on  south  coast.  Mar.  12-May  17  (June  2);  Sept.  12-Dec.  12 
(winter). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  offshore. 
Mar.  24-April  28;  Nov.-Dec.  16  (winter). 

CONN. — -  Common  migrant  and  occasional  winter  resident  off- 
shore. April  14-May;  Oct.  15- (winter). 

97.  BRANTA  NIGRICANS  (Lawrence)  Bannister. 

Black  brant. 

Anser  nigricans  Lawr.,  Ann.  lyceum  nat.  hist.  New  York,  1846, 
vol.  4,  p.  171,  pi.  12.     "EGG  HARBOR,  N.  J." 
Seacoasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 
MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:    Chatham,  spring,  1883. 

98.  BRANTA  LEUCOPSIS  (Bechstein)  Bannister. 

Barnacle  goose. 

Anas  kucopsis  Bechst.,  Ornith.  taschb.  Deutschl.,  1803,  p.  424. 
NORTHERN  REGIONS  OF  THE  EARTH;  GERMANY  IN  MIGRATION. 

Anser  kucopsis  (Bechst.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  200,  pi.  378.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  34,  pi.  10,  fig.  2. 

Seacoasts  and  grassy  flats;   nests  on  the  ground  among  rocks. 

ME. —  Doubtfully  reported  from  near  Portland  about  1878. 
VT. —  Accidental  visitor:    Marshfield,  1878. 
MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:   North  Chatham,  Nov.  1,  1895. 
CONN. —  Recorded  from  Stonington  (Linsley). 


52  FALINA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

99.  OLOR  CYGNUS  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 

Whooping  swan;  Whooper;   Wild  swan. 

Anas  cygnus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol..  1,  p.  122.  "IN 
EUROPA,  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Cygnus  musicus  Bechst.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81, 
vol.  6,  p.  [433],  pi.  [419],  fig.  4.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  29,  pi.  7, 
fig.  1. 

Seacoasts,  lakes,  swamps;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Poke-a-moon-shine  Lake,  Washing- 
ton Co.,  Sept.  10,  1903. 

100.  OLOR  COLUMBIANUS  (Ord)  Stejneger. 

Whistling  swan;   American  swan. 

Anas  columbianus  Ord,  in  Guthrie's  Geogr.,  hist.,  and  com- 
mercial grammar,  2d  Amer.  ed.,  1815,  p.  319.  Based  on  Lewis 
and  Clarke:  "BELOW  THE  GREAT  NARROWS  OF  THE  COLUMBIA." 

Cygnus  americanus  Sharpless.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1843,  vol.  6,  p.  226,  pi.  384. 

Salt  and  fresh  water;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Unsatisfactorily  recorded  from  mouth  of  Kennebec  River 
Nov.,  1881;  and  near  Crawford  Lake,  Sept.  10,  1903. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant:  Great  Bay  (bis),  Dec.  16,  1902,  and — ; 
Seabrook,  Oct.  18,  1878. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Alburg,  Lake  Champlain. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  winter  resident  (at  Nantucket) 
formerly  commoner.  Oct.  16-Dec.  27  (winter-Mar.  4). 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant:  Quonocontaug  Pond,  Nov.  9,  1879;  West- 
erly, Nov.  13,  1879. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.     Middle  Mar.;   fall-Nov.  2. 


AVES.  53 

ANSERES. 

ANATIDAE. 

101.  OLOR  BUCCINATOR  (Richardson)  Wagler. 

Trumpeter  swan. 

Cygnus  buccinator  Rich.,  in  Swainson  and  Rich.,  Fauna  Boreali-- 
Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  464.     "HUDSON'S  BAY."     Audubon,  Birds 
of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  219,  pis.  382,  383. 

Fresh  and  salt  water;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Once  erroneously  recorded  for  0.  cygnus. 
N.  H. —  Formerly  a  migrant  (Belknap). 
MASS. —  Believed  to  have  occurred  formerly  as  a  migrant. 
R.  I.,  CONN. —  Doubtfully  reported,  and  believed  to  have  oc- 
curred formerly  as  a  migrant. 

HERODIONES.  IBIDES. 

IBID  ID  AE. 

102.  GUARA  ALBA  (Linne")  Stejneger. 

White  Ibis. 

Scolopax  alba  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  145. 
"AMERICA." 

Ibis  alba  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p. 
54,  pi.  360. 

Swamps  and  lagoons;  nests  in  trees  and  reedy  marshes. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:   South  Woodstock,  summer,  1878. 
CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:   near  Milford,  May  23,  1875. 

103.  PLEGADIS  AUTUMNALIS  (Hasselquist)  Stejneger. 

Glossy  Ibis. 

Tringa  autumnalis  Hasselq.,  Reise  nach  Palast.,  deutsche  ausg., 
1762,  p.  306.  [EGYPT.] 


54  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

HERODIONES.  IBIDES. 

IBIDIDAE. 

Ibis  falcinellus  Linne*.  Bonaparte,  Amer.  ornith.,  1833,  vol.  4, 
p.  23,  pi.  23,  fig.  1. 

Marshes  and  borders  of  lagoons;  nests  among  low  bushes  or 
jeeds. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Alton,  Oct.  1858. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  noteworthy  flights  in  May  of  1850 
and  1878. 

CONN.— Accidental  visitor:  Middletown,  May  16,  1850;  Strat- 
ford (5  specimens)  about  1836. 

CICONIAE. 
CICONIIDAE. 

104.     MYCTERIA  AMERICANA  Linne*. 

Wood  Ibis. 
Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  140.     "IN  AMERICA 

CALIDIORE." 

Tantalus  loculator  Linne*.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  64,  pi.  361. 

Swamps  and  marshes;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:   Berwick,  July  16,  1896. 

N.  H. —  Erroneously  recorded  for  Glossy  ibis. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  pair  in  summer,  about  1897,  near 
Burlington. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  (?  Georgetown,  June  19,  1880); 
Seekonk,  July  17,  1896. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Barrington,  Aug.  8,  1896. 


AVES.  55 

HERODIONES.  HERODIL 

ARDEIDAE. 

105.  BOTAURUS  LENTIGINOSUS  (Montagu)  Stephens. 

American  bittern;   Bog  hen;   Indian  hen;   Meadow  hen;  Stake 
driver;    Thunder  pump. 

Ardea  lentiginosa  Montag.,  Ornith.  diet.,  suppl.,  1813,  [p.  186] 
"Her."  "THE  WEST  OF  ENGLAND."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1843,  vol.  6,  p.  94,  pi.  365.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  14. 

Fresh  and  salt  marshes  and  borders  of  streams;  nests  on  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  27- 
Oct.  28.  Eggs,  late  May-June  6. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar  .-Nov. 
(Dec.  11).  Eggs,  May  27. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.     April  30-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident; 
casual  in  winter.  Mar.  31-Nov.  26  (Dec.  30;  Jan.  5).  Eggs, 
May  5- June  10. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  summer  resident. 
April  6-Nov.  10.  Eggs,  May  23-June  13. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  summer  resident. 
April-Nov. 

106.  IXOBRYCHUS  EXILIS  (Gmelin)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Least  bittern. 

Ardea  exilis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  645.  "JA- 
MAICA." Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  100,  pi.  366. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  15. 

Fresh  marshes  and  swamps;  nests  among  rushes  or  in  bushes. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident  in  southern  counties.  (Mar.  4, 
1891,  Georgetown)  May  12-Aug.  (Nov.  13). 

N.  H. —  Rare  in  summer;  may  breed  in  southeastern  part:  Hamp- 
ton; Hampton  Beach,  1869;  Seabrook. 

VT. —  Said  to  have  occurred  "formerly." 


56  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

HERODIONES.  HERODII. 

ARDEIDAE. 

MASS. —  Rare  local  summer  resident,  mainly  near  the  coast. 
April  15-Sept.  1.  Eggs,  June  1-29. 

R.I. —  Common  summer  resident;  casual  in  winter.  (Mar.  1)- 
Sept.  14  (Feb.  28,  1881,  Providence).  Eggs,  May  23- June  16. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  Spring-Sept. 
Eggs,  June  10-27. 

107.  ARDEA  HERODIAS  Linne*. 

Great  blue  heron;  Blue  crane;  Crane;  Frog  stabber;   Poke. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  143.  "AMERICA." 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  122,  pi.  369.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  11. 

Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  Mar.  29- 
Nov.  12  (Dec.  9).  Eggs,  late  April-May  16. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and,  northward  from  L.  Winnepe- 
saukee,  a  local  summer  resident.  April  5-Nov.  (Dec.  21;  Dec.  31, 
1901,  Randolph). 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and,  in  northern  part,  a  local  summer 
resident.  Summer-(Dec.  22,  1884,  Milton). 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident ;  occasional 
in  summer  but  not  now  known  to  breed  (formerly  at  Naushon). 
Mar.  15- June  4;  (summer);  July  30-Dec.  20  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     Mar.-May  4;    July  15-Dec.  11. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  occasional  in  summer;  rare  winter 
resident.  Mar.  15-May  (June  2);  Aug.-Dec.  (winter). 

108.  HERODIAS  EGRETTA  (Gmelin)  Cabanis. 

American  egret. 
Ardea  egretta   Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  629.     "IN 

INSULA  S.  DOMINICI,  INSULIS  FALKLAND    &  AMERICA  AUSTRALI  AD 


AVES.  57 

HERODIONES.  HERODII. 

ARDEIDAE. 

LOUISIANAM."     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  132, 
pi.  370. 

Swamps  and  lowlands;   nests  in  small  trees. 

ME. —  Occasional  summer  visitor.     April  7-Aug.  22. 

N.  H. —  Rare  summer  visitor:   near  Newmarket,  1897. 

VT. —  Rare  summer  visitor:  New  Haven,  two  in  Aug.  1882; 
Winooski  River,  summer,  1869. 

MASS. —  Occasional  summer  and  fall  visitor.     April-Nov.  22. 

R.  I. —  Occasional  summer  visitor;  may  have  bred  at  Wes- 
quage  Pond  in  1894.  June  1-Oct.  12. 

CONN. —  Occasional  summer  visitor.     July-Oct. 

109.  EGRETTA  CANDIDISSIMA  (Gmelin)  Gosse. 

Snowy  heron. 
Ardea  candidissima  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  633. 

"IN     INUNDATIS     PROPE     CARTHAGENAM     AMERICAE."      Audubon, 

Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  163,  pi.  374. 
Swamps  and  lowlands;  nests  in  small  trees. 

ME. —  Erroneously  accredited. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  St.  Albans  Bay,  two  in  Oct.,  1890. 
MASS. —  Accidental    visitor:     near   Boston,    1862;     Nantucket, 
March,  1881;  Northampton,  1887  (?  nee  Essex  Co.). 

CONN. —  Accidental   visitor:    Hartford;    Stratford    ("seen"). 

110.  FLORIDA  CAERULEA  (Linne")  Baird. 

Little  blue  heron. 

Ardea  caerulea  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  143.  "IN 
AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  148,  pi.  372. 

Swamps  and  lowlands;  nests  in  bushes. 


58  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

HERODIONES.  HERODIL 

ARDEIDAE. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor.     April  1-Sept. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Amherst,  April  28,  1897. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Occasional  visitor.     April  14-Aug. 

R.  I. —  Rare  visitor.     June  7-Aug. 

CONN. —  Rare  visitor.     May-Sept.  7. 

111.  BUTORIDES  VIRESCENS  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 

Little  green  heron;   Fly-up-the-creek;   Green  heron;   Poke. 

Ardea  virescens  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  144. 
"AMERICA/'  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  105,  pi.  367. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  12. 

Mainly  freshwater  streams  and  ponds;  nests  in  small  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  in  southern 
counties.  May  2-Sept.l9. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  southern  half,  and  in 
Connecticut  valley.  Late  April-Oct.  Eggs,  June  16. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  southern  part.  May- 
Get. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  9  and  16)  April  26- 
Oct.  16.  Eggs,  May  10-June  2. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  April  20-Sept.  24.  Eggs, 
May  21,  23. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  Late  April-Oct.  Eggs, 
May  30- June  17. 

112.  NYCTICORAX  NYCTICORAX  NAEVIUS  (Boddaert)  Zeledon. 

Black-crowned  night  heron;     Buttermunk;     Qua-bird;     Quok; 
Shitepoke;  Squawk. 

Ardea  naevia  Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist.  nat.,  1783, 
p.  56.  Based  on  Buffon:  "CAYENNE." 


AVES.  59 

• 

HERODIONES.  HERODII. 

ARDEIDAE. 

Ardea  nycticorax  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  82,  pi.  363.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  13. 

Swamps  and  marshes;  nests  in  colonies  in  trees,  rarely  on  the 
ground. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident,  chiefly  near  the  coast.  Spring- 
Sept.  16.  Eggs,  May  26. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  north  to  southern  White 
Mt.  valleys.  April-Oct. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  near  lakes  and  streams. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident  near  coast.  Mar.  27-Nov.  1  (winter).  Eggs,  May  2- 
June  13. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  and  rare  winter  resident.  April  1- 
Sept.  23  (winter) .  Eggs,  May  7- June  7. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
April-Oct.  Eggs,  April  17. 

113.     NYCTANASSA  VIOLACEA  (Linne")  Sharpe. 

Yellow-crowned  night  heron. 

Ardea  violacea  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  143. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  89,  pi.  364. 

Swamps  and  lowlands;  nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Deering,  April  13,  1901;  Portland, 
April  11,  1906. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  six  instances.     July-Oct. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Newport,  Aug.  1892;  Tiverton, 
April  23,  1886. 


60  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PALUDICOLAE.  GRUES. 

GRUIDAE. 

114.  GRUS  AMERICANA  (Linne")  Vieillot. 

Whooping  crane. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  188,  pi.  313. 
Ardea  americana  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  142. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Freshwater  marshes  and  open  lowlands;  nests  in  marshes. 

VT.,  MASS. —  Supposed  to  have  been  a  migrant  in  colonial  times. 

115.  GRUS  CANADENSIS  (Linne")  Temminck. 

Little  brown  crane. 

Ridgway,  Manual  of  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  135. 

Ardea  canadensis  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  141. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Grus  fraterculus  Cassin.  Baird,  Cassin,  and  Lawrence,  Expl. 
and  surveys  for  railroad  to  Pacific,  1858,  birds,  pi.  37. 

Grassy  flats  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Natick  Hill,  Oct.  9,  1889. 

116.  GRUS  MEXICANA  (Muller)  Vieillot. 

Sandhill  crane. 

Coues,  Key  to  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  2,  p.  848. 

Ardea  (grus)  mexicana  Mull.,  Linnets  Vollstand.  natursyst., 
suppl.,  1776,  p.  110.  "MEXICO." 

Grus  americana  Forst.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
pi.  314. 

Freshwater  marshes  and  open  lowlands;  nests  in  marshes. 

N.  H. —  Believed  to  have  occurred  formerly;  now  accidental 
visitor:  Wakefield,  1896  or  1897. 

VT. —  Believed  to  have  occurred  formerly  as  a  migrant;  now 
accidental  visitor:  Lunenburg. 

MASS.,  CONN. —  Believed  to  have  occurred  formerly  as  a  migrant. 


AVES.  61 

PALUDICOLAE.  RALLI. 

RALLIDAE. 

117.  RALLUS  ELEGANS  Audubon. 

King  rail;   Fresh-marsh  hen;   Royal  rail. 

Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1835,  vol.  3,  p.  27,  pi.  203.  " SOUTH- 
ERN STATES."  Coues,  Key  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  2, 
p.  854. 

Freshwater  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Occasional  fall  visitor.     Sept.  19-Dec.  17. 
MASS. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons;   may  breed. 
R.  I. —  Rare  visitor  (four  records).     Jan.,  Feb.,  Mar.,  fall. 
CONN. —  Rare    summer    resident    (Saybrook,     Stratford)     and 
occasional  at  other  seasons. 

118.  RALLUS  CREPITANS  Gmelin. 

Clapper  rail;   Salt-marsh  hen. 

GmeL,  Syst.  na*.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  713.  "IN  NOVEBORACO." 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  165,  pi.  310.  Egg,  Capen, 
1886,  pi.  20,  figs.  1,  2. 

Saltwater  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor  in  southern  counties :  Popham  Beach, 
Oct.  12  and  (25),  1900;  Sabattus  Pond,  1874;  ?  York  and  Cum- 
berland Cos. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:   Portsmouth. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:    Burlington  (Conger). 

MASS. —  Occasional  visitor,  may  breed. 

R.  I. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

CONN. —  Rare    visitor    and    summer    resident     (New    Haven 
Stratford). 

119.  RALLUS  VIRGINIANUS  Linne". 

Virginia  rail;    Water-hen. 
Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  263.     "IN  AMERICA 


62  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PALUDICOLAE.  RALLI. 

RALLIDAE. 

SEPTENTRIONALI."     Audubon,   Birds  of  Amer.,   1842,   vol.   5,   p. 
174,  pi.  311.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  figs.  3,  4. 
Fresh  and  brackish  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident.     Late  April-Oct. 

N.  H. —  Rare  summer  resident  south  of  White  Mts.  April- 
Oct.  1.  Eggs,  May  21-28. 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident  locally:    Burlington;    Rutland  Co. 

MASS. —  Summer  resident,  more  common  near  coast ;  rare 
winter  resident  (Cape  Cod).  April  11-Nov.  27  (Jan.  1,  1891, 
Worcester)  (winter).  Eggs,  May  12- June  1. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April-Nov.  2. 
Eggs,  May  29. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     Eggs,  June  6. 

120.     PORZANA  CAROLINA  (Linne)  Baird. 

Sora;  Carolina  rail;   Meadow-hen;   Rail-bird. 

Rallus  carolinus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  153. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Ortygometra  carolinus  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1842,  vol.  5,  p.  145,  pi.  306.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  fig.  5. 

Fresh  and  brackish  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  Late  April-Oct.  26. 
Eggs,  -July  27. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  northward  to  White  Mt. 
valleys.  May-Oct. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  (Mar. 
20)  April  14-Nov.  1  (Dec.  20).  Eggs,  June  9-11. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (Mar.  2) 
April-Nov.  10.  Eggs,  May  24. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April-Oct. 
(Dec.  29,  1881,  Hartford). 


AVES.  63 

PALUDICOLAE.  RALLI. 

RALLIDAE. 

121.  COTURNICOPS    NOVEBORACENSIS    (Gmelin)    Bonaparte. 
Yellow  rail. 

Fulica  noveboracensis  GmeL,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  701. 
"IN  NOVEBORACO." 

Rallus  noveboracensis  (Lath.).  Bonaparte,  Amer.  ornith.,  1833, 
vol.  4,  p.  136,  pi.  27,  fig.  2.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  fig.  6. 

Freshwater  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  said  to  have  bred  near  Calais.  May  31 ; 
Oct.  4-Nov.  15. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant:   Hampton. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:   Newport;  northern  Vt.';  Rutland  Co. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  possible  summer  resident.  April- 
May  26;  Sept.  2-Oct.  22. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant  (five  records).     Sept.  28. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant;  said  to  have 
bred  at  Middletown,  1874,  1875.  (Mar.  24,  Gaylordsville) ;  Sept.- 
Oct.  14  (Nov.  10). 

122.  CRECISCUS  JAMAICENSIS  (Gmelin)  Cabanis. 

Black  rail;   Little  black  rail. 

Rallus  jamaicensis  GmeL,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  718. 
"JAMAICA." 

Porzana  jamaicensis  (Gmel.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east. 
No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  144;  Allen,  Auk,  1900,  vol.  17,  pi.  1. 

Freshwater  marshes ;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Doubtfully  recorded  from  Scarborough,  Oct.  4,  1881. 

MASS. —  Very  rare  visitor  and  summer  resident  (at  Chatham, 
Hazardville).  May  16-Sept.  20.  Eggs,  May. 

CONN. —  Very  rare  summer  resident  (at  Lyme,  Saybrook); 
also  taken  at  Hazenville.  Eggs,  June  6-July  10. 


64  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PALUDICOLAE.  RALLI. 

RALLIDAE. 

123.  CREX  CREX  (Linne)  Sharpe. 

Corn  crake;   Daker-hen;   European  land  rail. 
Coues,  Key  to  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  2,  p.  859. 
Ralhis  crex  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  153.     "IN 

EUROPAE  AGRIS,  CARECTIS." 

Crex  pratensis  Bechst.     Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  7, 
pi.  [499].     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  83,  pi.  22,  fig.  9. 
Grassy  meadows  and  grain  fields;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  from  Europe:   near  Falmouth,  Oct.  14,  1889. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:    Cranston,  1857. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  Saybrook,  Oct.  20,  1887. 

124.  IONORNIS  MABTINICA  (Linne)  Reichenbach. 

Purple  gallinule. 

Fulica  martinica  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  259. 
"IN  MARTINICAE  INUNDATIS." 

Gallinula  martinica  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  128,  pi.  303. 

Freshwater  marshes;  nests  among  rushes. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor.     April  11-Dec.  17. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Dover;  Rye. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Occasional  visitor,  mainly  in  April  and  Oct.-Nov., 
once  in  June. 

R.  I. —  Occasional  visitor.  Jan.;  May;  June  8,  1902,  Seaconnet 
Point;  Aug.;  fall. 

CONN. —  Rare  visitor:  Middletown,  1855. 

125.  GALLINULA  GALEATA  (Lichtenstein)  Bonaparte. 

Florida  gallinule;   Pond  hen;   Red-billed  mud-hen. 

Crex  galeata  Licht.,  Verz.  d.  doubletten  zool.  mus.  Berlin,  1823, 
p.  80.  "SAN  PAULO/'  BRAZIL. 


AVES.  65 

PALUDICOLAE.  RALLI. 

RALLIDAE. 

Gallinula  chloropus  Linne*.     Audubon,   Birds  of  Amer.,   1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  132,  pi.  304.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  figs.  7,  8. 
Freshwater  marshes;   nests  among  rushes  near  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  (?)  summer  resident.  May  5;  Sept. 
20-Oct.  16. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Rollinsford. 

VT. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  at  Lake  Bomoseen,  Lake 
Champlain,  St.  Albans.  April  28-fall.  Eggs,  May  28-June  5. 

MASS. —  Rare  local  summer  resident,  mainly  near  coast.  April 
29-Oct.  25  (Nov.  9).  Eggs,  June  5- July  17. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.     May-Nov.  29. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  Eggs,  June  25 
(Stratford). 

126.     FULICA  AMERICANA  Gmelin. 

American  coot;    Blue   Peter;    Coot;    Marsh  hen;    Mud-hen; 
Pond  crow;   Pond  hen. 

Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  704.  "IN  AMERICA 
SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  138, 
pi.  305.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  20,  fig.  9. 

Freshwater  ponds  and  marshes  mainly;  nests  among  reeds. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  in  fall.  (Mar.  23)  April  14- 
May  13;  Oct.  26-Nov. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  in  southern  part.  Spring; 
late  Aug.-Oct.  15. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident  (Lake 
Bomoseen). 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant;  rare  winter 
resident  near  coast;  may  breed  rarely  (pair,  Cheshire  reservoir, 
June  21,  1892).  Mar.  29-April  25;  (June  21);  (Aug.  16)  Sept. 
3-Nov.  (winter). 


66  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PALUDICOLAE.  RALLI. 

RALLIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  in  fall.  April-May  28;  Sept. 
26-Dec.  20. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  in  fall.  Spring;  Sept.  29- 
Nov.  14. 

LIMICOLAE. 

PHALAROPODIDAE. 

127.  PHALAROPUS  FULICARIUS  (Linne")  Bonaparte. 

Red  phalarope;   Bank-bird;   Brown  bank-bird;   Gray  phalarope; 
Gulf-bird;   Sea  goose;   Whale-bird. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  291,  pi.  339.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  18,  fig.  11;  pi.  19,  fig.  1. 

Tringa  fulicaria  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  148. 
"AMERICA." 

Chiefly  maritime;  nests  on  the  ground  in  marshes. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  offshore,  and  rare  summer 
resident  (near  Calais).  May  8-17;  (summer);  July  25-Oct.  17. 

N.  H. —  Migrant,  mainly  offshore;  sometimes  common.  May; 
Oct. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant  at  Lake  Champlain. 

MASS. —  Offshore  migrant,  irregularly  common.  May  1-26; 
Aug.  31-Nov.  24. 

R.  I.,  CONN. —  Offshore  migrant,  sometimes  common.  Late 
May;  Sept.  26-Dec.  20. 

128.  LOBIPES  LOBATUS  (Linne)  Baird,  Brewer,   &  Ridgway. 
Northern    phalarope;     Bank-bird;     Jersey    goose;     Mackerel 

goose;  Red-necked  phalarope;  Sea  goose;  Sea  snipe;  Whale- 
bird;   White  bank-bird. 

Tringa  lobata  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  pp.  148,  824. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI,  LAPPONIA." 

Lobipes  hyperboreus  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  295,  pi.  340.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  131,  pi.  38,  fig.  1. 

Chiefly  maritime;   nests  on  the  ground  in  marshes. 


AVES.  67 

LIMICOLAE. 

PHALAROPODIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  offshore.  (Feb.)  May  3- 
June  15;  July  24-Nov. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  offshore.  May;  Aug.  9- 
Sept.  22. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  offshore.  May  1-26;  Aug. 
10-Oct.  13. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  offshore.  May;  Aug.  16- 
Sept.  15. 

CONN. —  Offshore  migrant.     Spring  ?;  Aug.  4-Sept.  27  (Dec.  25). 

129.  STEGANOPTJS  TRICOLOR  Vieillot. 
Wilson's  phalarope. 

Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol.  32,  p.  136.  "PARA- 
GUAY." 

Phalaropus  wilsonii  Sabine.  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna 
Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  405,  pi.  69. 

Chiefly  freshwater  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Sabattus  Pond,  Sept.  or  Oct.  1906; 
Scarborough,  three,  June  9,  1891. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:   Rye  Beach,  Aug.  15,  1872. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor  (five  records).  May  20;  Aug. 
18-31. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  (fall)  visitor  (five  records).     Aug.  2-Sept.  13. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:    Bridgeport. 

RECURVIROSTRIDAE. 

130.  RECURVIROSTRA  AMERICANA  Gmelin. 
American  avocet. 

Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  693.  "IN  AMERICA 
SEPTENTRIONALI  &  NOVA  HOLLANDS."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1843,  vol.  6,  p.  24,  pi.  353. 


68  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE 

RECURVIROSTRIDAE. 

Open  lowlands  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:    Cape  Elizabeth,  Nov.  5,  1878. 

VT.— Accidental  visitor:  St.  Albans,  fall,  1875,  and  1890; 
(nee  Rutland,  1882). 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Ipswich,  three,  Sept.  13,  1896; 
Lynn;  Natick,  Oct.  19,  1880. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  between  Saybrook  and  East  Lyme, 
1871. 

131.  HIMANTOPUS  MEXICANUS  (Muller)  Ord. 
Black-necked  stilt. 

Charadrius  mexicanus  Mull.,  Linne's  Vollstand.  natursyst., 
suppl.,  1776,  p.  117.  "MEXICO." 

Himantopus  nigricollis  Vieill.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1843,  vol.  6,  p.  31,  pi.  354. 

Salt  marshes  and  lagoons;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Rockland,  May,  1889;  (nee  Board- 
man,  New  Brunswick). 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:    Rye  Beach. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:    Lynn;    Mass,  coast. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

132.  PHILOHELA  MINOR  (Gmelin)  Gray. 
American  woodcock;    Bog-sucker;   Woodcock. 

Scolopax  minor  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  661. 
"IN  AMERICAE,  A  SEPTEMBRI  INDE  IN  CAROLINAE,  AB  APRILIS 
FINE  IN  NOVEBORACI  SILVIS  HUMIDIS." 

Microptera  americana  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6, 
p.  15,  pi.  352.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  2. 

Freshwater  swamps,  damp  woods  and  thickets;  nests  on  the 
ground. 


AVES.  69 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  possibly  winters. 
(Mar.  10)  Mar.  23-Nov.  30  (Dec.  18)  (Feb.,  two  instances). 
Eggs,  April  26-May  19. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Late 
Mar. -Oct.  Eggs,  May  10. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar.  27-Oct. 
Eggs,  May  4. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  summer  resident; 
rare  in  winter.  Mar.  4-Nov.  25  (winter).  Eggs,  April  11-May  6. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  now  a  rare  summer  resident. 
Mar  .-Dec.  4.  Eggs,  April  5-May  17. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  uncommon  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Feb.  26-Nov.;  winter.  Eggs,  (Mar.  30)  April  3- 
June  3;  July  20  (2d  brood). 

133.     GALLINAGO  DELICATA  (Ord)  A.  O.  U.  check-list. 

Wilson's   snipe;    Alewife-bird;    Common  snipe;    English  snipe; 
Jack  snipe. 

Scolopax  delicata  Ord,  Wilson's  Ornith.,  1825,  vol.  9,  p.  ccxviii. 
" KENTUCKY, ....  ILLINOIS,  . . .  .PENNSYLVANIA." 

Scolopax  wilsonii  Temm.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  339,  pi.  350.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  3. 

Fresh  and  brackish  meadows  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident.  April  19- 
May  15;  summer;  Sept.-Nov.  15. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise;  very  rare  winter 
resident  (Nashua).  Mar.-May  7;  July  22-mid-Dec.  (winter). 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  (Rutland 
Co.);  ?  "summer  resident/' 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  rare  winter  resident;  rare  and 
irregular  summer  resident  (at  Carlisle,  Concord).  (Mar.  8)  Mar. 
20-May  18;  (summer);  Aug.  1-Nov.  30  (winter). 


70  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  Mar.  9- 
May  6;  (July  29)  Aug.  12-Nov.  14  (Dec.,  Jan.). 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  rare  summer  and  winter  resident. 
Mar.  18-Dec.;  winter.  Eggs,  May  13  (Portland). 

134.  MACRORHAMPHUS  GRISEUS  (Gmelin)  Leach. 

Dowitcher;  Brownback;  Deutscher;  Fool  plover;  German 
snipe;  Grayback;  Gray  snipe;  Red-breasted  snipe;  Robin 
snipe. 

Scolopax  grisea  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  658.     "IN 

NOVEBORACI  MARITIMIS." 

Scolopax  noveboracensis  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1843,  vol.  6,  p.  10,  pi.  351.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  143,  pi.  41, 
fig.  8. 

Chiefly  maritime  marshes  and  mudflats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  coastwise.  May  21-29;  late  July- 
Sept.  (Oct.  29). 

N.  H.— Migrant,  common  in  fall.     May  20-25;    July  20-Sept. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant,  mainly  coast- 
wise. May  1-June  7  (June  18) ;  July  5-Sept.  30. 

^R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  coastwise.     May;    July  5-Oct.  20. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  in  fall. 

135.  MACRORHAMPHUS  SCOLOPACEUS   (Say)   Lawrence. 
Long-billed  dowitcher. 

Elliot,  New  and  unfigured  birds  No.  Amer.,  1869,  vol.  2,  pi.  40. 
Limosa  scolopacea  Say,  Long's  exped.  to  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  vol. 
1,  p.  170.     "NEAR  THE  BOWYER  CREEK,"  IOWA. 

Chiefly  maritime  marshes  and  mudflats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  migrant.     Aug.  29-Nov.  3. 

R.  I.— Rare  fall  migrant:   Middletown,  Oct.  8,  1890. 


AVES.  71 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

136.  MICROPALAMA  HIMANTOPUS  (Bonaparte)  Baird. 

Stilt  sandpiper;  Bastard  yellow-leg;  Long-legged  sandpiper; 
Mongrel. 

Tringa  himantopus  Bonap.,  Ann.  lyceum  nat.  hist.  New  York, 
1826,  vol.  2,  p.  157.  "LONG  BRANCH,  NEW  JERSEY."  Bonap., 
Amer.  ornith.,  1833,  vol.  4,  p.  89,  pi.  25,  fig.  3. 

Marshes  and  mudflats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise.  July  19-Sept.  26  (Oct. 
2,  1908,  Pine  Point). 

N.  H. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise.     July  31-Aug.  28. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant  coastwise.     July  19-Sept.  29. 

R.  I. —  Very  rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  May  9, 
1895,  Sakonnet  Point;  July  6-Sept.  19. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant:  New  Haven,  Sept.  16,  1886. 

137.  TRINGA  CANUTUS  Linne. 

Knot;  Ash-colored  sandpiper;  Blue  plover;  Grayback;  Gray 
snipe;  Red-breasted  plover  or  sandpiper;  Robin  snipe; 
Silver  plover. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  149.  "ix  EUROPA." 
Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  144,  pi.  43,  fig.  10. 

Tringa  islandica  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  254,  pi.  328. 

Sandy  beaches;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  coastwise.  May  24- June  11; 
Aug.-Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  coastwise,  casual  inland  (Springfield) ; 
rare  winter  resident.  May  11- June  5  (June  25);  July  13-Nov.  8 
(winter). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  coastwise.     May;  July  11-Sept.  14. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  coastwise. 


72  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

138.  ARQUATELLA  MARITIMA  (Briinnich)  Coues. 

Purple  sandpiper;   Rock  snipe;   Winter  peep;   Winter  snipe. 

Tringa  maritima  Briinn.,  Ornith.  borealis,  1764,  p.  54.  "€HRIS- 
TIANSOE"  I.,  DENMARK,  AND  "NORVEGIA."  Audubon,  Birds  of 
Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  261,  pi.  330.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  146, 
pi.  43,  figs.  2,  5. 

Rocky  islands  and  coasts  of  the  sea;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise;  acci- 
dental in  summer.  Sept.  15-April  (Aug.  6,  1907,  Metinic  Green 
Id.;  Aug.  11,  1902,  Metinic  reef). 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor  coastwise. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Common  fall  and  winter  visitor  coastwise.  (July  30) 
Sept.  6-April  19  (May  11). 

R.  I. —  Common  winter  resident  on  rocky  coasts.  Sept.  13- 
April  15. 

CONN. —  Common  winter  resident  on  rocky  islands  coastwise. 

139.  PISOBIA  MACULATA  (Vieillot)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Pectoral  sandpiper;    Brown-back;   Creaker  or  Krieker;    Grass- 
bird;  Grass  snipe;  Jack  snipe;  Pert;  Squatter. 

Tringa  maculata  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol.  34, 
p.  465.  "AUX  ILES  ANTILLES  ET  DANS  LES  PARTIES  ME RIDIONALES 
DES  ETATS-UNIS." 

Tringa  pectoralis  Bonap.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  259,  pi.  329.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  148,  pi.  43,  fig.  12. 

Marshes  and  mudflats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant,  mainly  coastwise. 
(Spring);  Aug.  13-Oct%  5. 

N.  H. —  Migrant,  common  in  fall,  mainly  coastwise.  July-Oct. 
10. 


AVES.  73 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

VT. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  (April  4)  April 
9-May  16  (May  23);  July  1^-Nov.  11. 

R.  I. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  April  25;  July 
16-Oct.  20. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant. 

140.  PISOBIA  FUSCICOLLIS  (Vieillot)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

White -rumped  sandpiper;    Bonaparte's  sandpiper;    Bull-peep; 
Schinz's  sandpiper. 

Tringa  fuscicollis  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol.  34, 
p.  461'.  "  PARAGUAY.  "  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  145,  pi.  43,  fig.  8. 

Actodromas  fuscicollis  (Vieill.).  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway, 
Water  birds  of  No.  Amer.,  1884,  vol.  1,  p.  227,  fig. 

Tringa  schinzii  Brehm.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1835,  vol.  3, 
pi.  278. 

Beaches  and  marshy  shores;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  May  29,  30; 
late  July-Oct.  23  (Nov.  18). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  ?  Spring;  July- 
Oct.  14. 

VT. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant.     Aug.-Sept. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant  mainly  coastwise. 
May  15-June  5;  July  10-Nov.  10. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant.     July  11-Oct. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant.     Aug.  31. 

141.  PISOBIA  BAIRDII  (Coues)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Baird's  sandpiper. 

Actodromas  bairdii  Coues,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1861,  p. 
194.  "NORTH  AMERICA/'  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Water 
birds  No.  Amer.,  1884,  vol.  1,  p.  230,  colored  fig.  of  head. 


74  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

Beaches  and  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.— Rare  fall  migrant.  Aug.  7-Sept.  20  (Nov.  1,  1881, 
Bangor). 

N.  H. —  Rare  fall  migrant.     Aug.  26-Sept  5. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  migrant.     July  27-Oct.  1. 

R.  I. —  Rare  fall  migrant  (seven  records).     Aug.  26-Sept.  17. 

CONN.—  Rare  fall  migrant:  New  Haven,  Oct.  19,  1889,  Oct.  28, 
1887;  Stratford,  Nov.  3,  1888. 

142.  PISOBIA  MINUTILLA  (Vieillot)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Least  sandpiper;    Bumble  bee;    Meadow  ox-eye;    Mud  peep; 
Peep;    Wilson's  sandpiper.    • 

Tringa  minutilla  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol.  34, 
p.  466.  "EN  AMERIQUE  JUSQU'AU  DELA  DU  CANADA."  Egg, 
Seebohm,  1896,  p.  149,  pi.  44,  fig.  8. 

Tringa  pusilla  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  280,  pi.  337. 

Marshes  and  mudflats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant.  May  13-24  (June) ;  July  5-Oct.  1 
(Oct.  15). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant.     Late  May- June  3 ;    July  10-Sept. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant.  (April  18)  May  5- June  7;  (sum- 
mer) July  6-Sept.  21  (Oct.  13). 

R.I. —  Common  migrant.     (April  25)-May  26;   July  15-Oct. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     May- June;  Aug.-Sept. 

143.  PELIDNA  ALPINA  (Linne)  C.  L.  Brehm. 
European  dunlin. 

Sharpe,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1896,  vol.  24,  p.  602.  Dresser, 
Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  8,  p.  [21],  pi.  [548]. 


AVES.  75 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

Tringa  alpina  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  149.     "IN 
LAPPONIA."     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  144,  pi.  43,  figs.  7,  9. 
Beaches  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS.— Accidental  from  Old  World:   Chatham,  Aug.  11,  1900. 

144.  PELIDNA  ALPINA  SAKHALINA  (Vieillot)  Buturlin. 

American  dunlin;  Black-bellied  sandpiper;  Black-breast; 
Brant-bird;  Crooked-billed  snipe;  Fall  snipe;  Lead-back; 
Ox-bird;  Ox-eye;  Red-back;  Red-backed  sandpiper. 

Scolopax  sakhalina  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1816,  vol.  3, 
p.  359.  "EN  RUSSIE." 

Tringa  alpina  Linne".  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  266,  pi.  332. 

Beaches  and  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  spring  and  commoner  fall  migrant  coastwise 
Late  May;  Oct. -Nov.  17. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  coastwise  migrant. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant  coastwise. 
(?Mar.  15)  late  April-May  20  (June  18);  Sept.  1-Dec.  13  (Dec. 
24). 

R.  I. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant  coastwise.  May; 
Aug.  29-Oct.  29. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant;   "may  winter." 

145.  EROLIA  FERRUGINEA  (Briinnich)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Curlew  sandpiper. 

Tringa  ferruginea  Briinn.,  Ornith.  bor.,  1764,  p.  53.  "!SLANDIA 
&  CHRISTIANSOE"  ISLAND. 

Tringa  subarquata  Temm.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  269,  pi.  333. 

Seacoasts  and  tundras;    nests  on  the  ground. 


76  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Pine  Point,  Cumberland  Co.,  Sept.  15, 
1881. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:   five  records.     May;    Aug. 

R.  I. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  four  records.  (June  1874,  New 
Haven);  Aug.  30-Oct.  3. 

146.  EREUNETES  PUSILLUS  (Linne*)  Cassin. 

Semipalmated    sandpiper;     Black-legged   peep;     Peep;     Sand 
ox-eye ;  Sand  peep. 

Tringa  jmsilla  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  252. 
"IN  DOMINGO." 

Tringa  semipalmata  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  277,  pi.  336. 

Sand  beaches  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant.     May-June  5;  July29-Sept.  28  (Oct.). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant.     May;   July-early  Sept. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  to  larger  lakes. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant;  non-breeding  birds  occur  in  summer 
coastwise.  (May  1)  May  13-June  14;  (summer);  July  3-Oct.  8 
(Oct.  30). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     May  13-June  2;  July  14-Oct.  10. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     May-early  June;    July-Oct. 

147.  EREUNETES  MAURI  Cabanis. 
Western  semipalmated  sandpiper 

Cab.,  Journ.  f.  ornith.,  1856,  p.  419.     "CUBA." 

Ereunetes  pusillus  occidentalis  (Lawrence).     Baird,  Brewer,  and 

Ridgway,  Water  birds  of  No.  Amer.,  1884,  vol.  1,  p.  206,  fig.  of 

head. 

Sand  beaches  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 


AVES.  77 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Rare  fall  migrant:  Hampton,  Oct.  10,  1899. 
MASS. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant.     July  19-Sept.  20. 
R.  I. —  Rare  fall  migrant:   Middletown,  Aug.  25,  and  Aug.  29, 
1899. 

CONN. —  Rare  fall  migrant:  Lyme,  Sept.  4,  1889  (six). 

148.  CALIDRIS  LEUCOPHAEA  (Pallas)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Sanderling;     Beach-bird;     Beach    plover;     Bull-peep;     Gray- 
back;  Ruddy  plover;  Surf  snipe;  Whitey;  Whiting. 

Tringa  leucophaea  Pallas,  in  Vroeg's  Catalogue,  1764,  p.  32. 
NORTH  SEA  COAST. 

Tringa  arenaria  Bonap.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol. 
5,  p.  287,  pi.  338.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  150,  pi.  41,  fig.  4. 

Sand  beaches;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Uncommon  spring  and  common  fall  migrant  coast- 
wise. .  May  5-30;  late  July-Get.  13  (Nov.  5,  Portland). 

VT. —  Rare  migrant.     Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  coastwise  migrant  and,  south  of  Cape  Cod, 
a  winter  resident.  (Late  April)  May  19-June  4  (June  24);  July 
6-Dec.  6  (Dec.  13);  winter. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  casual  inland;  probably  a  rare  winter 
resident.  (Mar.  20)  May- June;  Aug.  1-Nov.  5. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  coastwise.     May;    July-Oct. 

149.  LIMOSA  FEDOA  (Linne)  Sabine. 

Marbled  godwit;   Brown  marlin;    Red  curlew. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  331,  pi.  348. 
Scolopax  fedoa  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  146.     "IN 
AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Beaches  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant.  May,  1884  (Scarborough);  Aug.  8- 
Sept.  13. 


78  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

N.  H.—  Rare  migrant:  Rye  Beach,  Aug.  27,  1868. 

VT. —  Formerly  a  migrant. 

MASS.— Rare  migrant.     May  20-23;   July  17-Sept.  5. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant.     Aug.  6-Oct.  2. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.     Aug. 

150.  LIMOSA  HAEMASTICA  (Linne)  Coues. 

Hudsonian  godwit;  Black-tail;  Goose-bird;  Ring-tailed  marlin; 
Spot-rump. 

Scolopax  haemastica  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  147. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Limosa  hudsonica  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  335,  pi.  349. 

Beaches  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise. 

N.  H. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise.     Aug.  2-Oct. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Burlington. 

MASS. —  Rare  ( ?  spring  and)  fall  migrant.  ( ?  April  29-May 
25);  July  15-Nov.  7. 

R.  I. —  Rare  ( ?  spring  and)  fall  migrant  coastwise.  July  22- 
Oct.  13. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant. 

151.  TOTANUS  MELANOLEUCUS  (Gmelin)  Vieillot. 

Greater  yellow-legs;    Cucu;    Greater  tattler  or  telltale;   Long- 
legged  tattler;   Stone  snipe;   Winter  yellow-legs. 

Scolopax  melanoleuca  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  659. 
"AUCTUMNO  IN  ARENIS  LITTORIS  LABRADOR." 

Totanus  vociferus  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  316,  pi.  345. 

Salt  and  fresh  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 


AVES.  79 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  possibly  a  rare  summer  resident 
in    extreme    north    (Woolastook    valley).     Late    April-May    19 
(July);  late  July-Oct.  22. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  May;  July  17- 
Oct.  27. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May;  fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  mainly  coastwise;  a  few  non-breed- 
ing birds  rarely  summer.  (Mar.  27)  April  4- June  16  (June  28); 
July  6-Nov.  12. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.  (?  Mar.  10)  April  10-May  26; 
July  20-Nov.  4. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.  May  14- June  1  (June  13,  1898 
New  London);  Aug-Nov.  15. 

152.     TOTANUS  FLAVIPES  (Gmelin)  Vieillot. 

Yellow-legs;    Lesser  yellow-legs;    Summer  yellow-legs;    Wan- 
dering tattler. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  313,  pi.  344.  Egg, 
Seebohm,  1896,  p.  139,  pi.  44,  fig.  11. 

Scolopax  flavipes  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  659. 
"IN  NOVEBORACO." 

Salt  and  fresh  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  May  16;  late 
July-(Oct.  17). 

N.  H. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  May;  Aug.- 
Sept.  4. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  common  early  fall  migrant.  April  29- 
June  2  (June  15);  July  10-Sept.  29  (Oct.  11  and  30). 

R.  I. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  April  28;  July 
3-Oct.  1. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  May  7;  Aug. 
17-Oct. 


80  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

153.  HELODROMAS  SOLITARIUS  (Wilson)  Sharpe. 
Solitary  sandpiper  or  tattler. 

Tringa  solitaria  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1813,  vol.  7,  p.  53,  pi.  58, 
fig.  3.  "KENTUCKY  TO  NEW  YORK." 

Totanus  solitarius  (Wils.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  309,  pi.  343.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  fig.  6. 

Borders  of  woodland  streams  and  ponds,  rarely  near  salt  water; 
nests  on  the  ground  or  in  other  birds'  deserted  nests. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  rare  summer 
resident  (Woolastook  valley).  May  7-30;  summer-Oct.  2  (Oct. 
21). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  and  possibly  a  rare  summer  resident. 
May  9- June;  July  17- (Nov.  1). 

VT. —  Common  migrant;  reported  breeding  at  Lake  Bomoseen, 
St.  Albans  Bay,  Wells  River.  May-Sept.  3.  Eggs,  middle  of 
May. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  inland.  May  2-26  (June) ; 
(July  8)  July  20-Oct.  14  (Nov.  28). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  3-20;  July  18-Sept.  25. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     May  2-(June  10);   Aug.-Sept. 

154.  CATOPTROPHORUS  SEMIPALMATUS   (Gmelin)   Bonaparte. 
Willet;    Goose-bird;    Humility. 

Scolopax  semipalmata  Gmelin,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2, 
p.  659.  "IN  NOVEBORACO." 

Totanus  semipalmatus  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  324,  pi.  347.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  figs.  4,  5. 

Salt  and  fresh  marshes,  and  beaches;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  coastwise.     Oct.  25. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant :    Middlebury. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  coastwise;  formerly  rare  summer  resident 


AVES.  81 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

(Muskeget,  about  1869,  New  Bedford).  May  2-31  (June  17); 
July  8-Sept.  11. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant  coastwise,  mainly  in  fall.  May;  July  2- 
Sept.  18. 

CONN. —  Formerly  a  rare  summer  resident  (Madison,  Stratford), 
now  only  a  rare  migrant.  May;  (summer);  Aug.  9-Oct.  Eggs, 
June  5,  1873. 

155.  CATOPTROPHORUS    SEMIPALMATUS    INORNATUS    (Brewster) 
A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Western  willet. 

Symphemia  semipalmata  inornata  Brewst.,  Auk,  1887,  vol.  4, 
p.  145.  "LARIMER  COUNTY,  COLORADO." 

Totanus  semipalmatus  Temm.  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna 
Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  388,  pi.  67. 

Salt  and  fresh  marshes,  and  beaches;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  migrant:  Newburyport,  Aug.  5,  1908  (and 
probably  most  of  those  now  found). 

CONN. —  Rare  fall  migrant:  Stony  Creek,  Aug.  15,  1897,  and 
other  fall  birds. 

156.  PAVONCELLA  PUGNAX  (Linne)  Leach. 
Ruff  (tf);   Reeve  (9). 

Tringa  pugnax  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  148. 

"IN  EUROPA  MINUS  BOREALI." 

Machetes  pugnax  Linne".  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81, 
vol.  8,  p.  [87],  pis.  [557,  558].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  135,  pi.  42, 
figs.  4,  6. 

Shores  and  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.— Accidental  from  Old  World:  Camden,  Sept.  14,  1900; 
Scarborough,  April  10,  1870;  Upton,  Sept.  8,  1874. 


82  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Seabrook,  Sept.  23,  1907. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Chatham,  Sept.  12,  1880;  Nan- 
tucket,  July,  1901;  Newburyport  marshes,  May  20,  1871. 

R.  I.— Accidental  visitor:  Point  Judith,  Aug.  31,  1903;  Sakon- 
net,  July  30,  1900. 

157.  BARTRAMIA  LONGICAUDA  (Bechstein)  Bonaparte. 

Bartramian  sandpiper;    Field  plover;    Grass  plover;    Pasture 
plover;   Upland  plover. 

Tringa  longicauda  Bechst.,  Kurze  uebers.  vogel  Lathams,  1812, 
vol.  2,  p.  453.  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Tringa  bartramia  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  248,  pi.  327.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  figs.  9,  10. 

Grassy  prairies  and  fields;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  and  uncommon  local  summer  resident. 
April  19-summer;  Aug.  4-Sept.  16.  Eggs,  June  6. 

N.  H. —  Now  uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  in 
southern  part.  May  4-Sept. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  April  24- 
Sept.  Eggs,  May  26. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant,  rare  local 
summer  resident ;  formerly  commoner.  April  3-May  10;  summer; 
July  16-Sept.  14.  Eggs,  May  25-June  3  (June  22). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant;  formerly  more  common  and  prob- 
ably bred.  April;  Aug.  2-Sept.  18. 

CONN. —  Formerly  common  summer  resident;  now  an  uncom- 
mon migrant.  May  2;  fall. 

158.  TRYNGITES  SUBRUFICOLLIS   (Vieillot)   Ridgway. 
Buff -breasted 'sandpiper;   Hill  grass-bird. 

Tringa  subruficollis  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol.  34, 
p.  465.  "  PARAGUAY." 


AVES.  83 

LIMICOLAE 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

Tringa  rufescens  Vieill.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  264,  pi.  331.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  151,  pi.  43,  fig.  11. 
Grassy  uplands  and  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise.     Aug.-Sept.  5. 
N.  H. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise:   Portsmouth;   Rye  Beach, 
Aug.  25  and  28,  1871. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise.     July  28-Sept.  24. 
R.  I. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise.     Sept.  6-15. 
CONN. —  Rare  fall  migrant  coastwise.     Aug.-Sept.  30. 

159.     ACTITIS  MACULARIA  (Linne")  Naumann. 

Spotted  sandpiper;    Ox-eye;    Peet-weet;    Sand  lark;    Teeter 
peep;   Tip-tail;   Tip-up. 

Tringa  macularia  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  249. 
"IN  EUROPA  &  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Totanus  macularius  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  303,  pi.  342.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  19,  figs.  7,  8. 

Seacoast  and  freshwater  streams  and  lakes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  26- 
Oct.  3  (Nov.  19).  Eggs,  May  20-July  1. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. May  1-Oct.  Eggs,  May  31. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. Late  April-Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  19) 
April  26-Nov.  6  (Nov.  14).  Eggs,  May  25-July  4. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  16)- 
Oct.  3.  Eggs,  May  27-June  6. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Late  April— 
Oct.  6.  Eggs,  May  31-June  1. 


84  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

160.  NUMENIUS  AMERICANUS  Bechstein. 

Long-billed  curlew;   Great  curlew;   Hen  curlew;  Sickle-bill. 

Bechst.,  Kurze  uebers.  vogel  Lathams,  1812,  vol.  4,  pt.  2,  p.  432. 
"NEW  YORK  &  HUDSON  BAY." 

Numenius  longirostris  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843, 
vol.  6,  p.  35,  pi.  355. 

Marshes  and  grassy  flats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Very  rare  migrant.     May  2 ;  Aug. 

N.  H. —  Formerly  rare,  now  accidental  migrant.     Aug.  12-25. 
MASS. —  Now  an  accidental  migrant.     July  20-Oct.  18. 
R.   I. —  Now  an   accidental   migrant;    last   record   Jamestown, 
Sept.  9,  1897.     July  15-Sept.  9. 

CONN. —  Formerly  uncommon,  now  accidental  migrant.     Aug.  3. 

161.  NUMENIUS  HUDSONICUS  Latham. 

Hudsonian  curlew;  Blue-legs  (young);  Foolish  curlew  (young); 
Jack  curlew;  Short-billed  curlew. 

Lath.,  Index  ornith.,  1790,  vol.  2,  p.  712.     "IN  SINU  HUDSONIS." 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  6,  p.  42,  pi.  356. 
Beaches  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant.  May  20;  July  19-late  Sept.  (Oct.  12, 
1898,  Dover). 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant.     Aug.  6-Sept.  2. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  April  10- 
May  30  (June  8);  (June  23)  July  6-Oct.  1. 

R.  I. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  April  27-May; 
July  2-Sept.  25. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant,  mainly  in  fall.     July  20- Aug.  27. 

162.  NUMENIUS  BOREALIS  (Forster)  Latham. 
Eskimo  curlew;   Dough-bird;   Fute. 

Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2, 
p.  378,  pi.  65.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  133,  pi.  45,  fig.  3. 


AVES.  85 

LIMICOLAE. 

SCOLOPACIDAE. 

Scolopax  borealis  Forst.,  Phil,  trans,  roy.  soc.  London,  1772, 
vol.  62,  pp.  411,  431.  "ALBANY  FORT,"  HUDSON  BAY. 

Marshes,  beaches,  and  grassy  uplands;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Formerly  common  fall  migrant,  coastwise.  Late 
Aug.-Sept. 

MASS. —  Formerly  a  common  fall  migrant,  accidental  in  spring. 
(Late  May  1873,  Cape  Cod);  July  15-Oct.  2. 

R.  I. —  Formerly  a  common  fall  migrant  coastwise.  Aug.  27- 
Sept. 

CONN. —  Formerly  a  common  fall  migrant  coastwise,  now  very 
rare.  Aug.-Oct.  13. 

CHARADRIIDAE. 

163.    SQUATAROLA  SQUATAROLA  (Linne)  Cuvier. 

Black-bellied  plover;  Beetlehead;  Blackbreast;  Blackheart; 
Frost-bird;  Ox-eye;  Palebelly  (young);  Whistling  field 
plover. 

Tringa  squatarola  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  149. 
"IN  EUROPA." 

Charadrius  helveticus  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  199,  pi.  315. 

Beaches  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant  chiefly  coastwise.  May  12- 
( June  24);  Aug.-Oct.  24. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:   Lunenburg;   Middlebury. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  coastwise.  April  15-June  13  (June 
25);  July  8-Nov.  16  (Dec.). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     May  15-22;  Aug.  9-Oct.  15. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  coastwise. 


86  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

CHARADRIIDAE. 

164.  CHARADRIUS  DOMINICUS  Miiller. 

American  golden  plover;  Bullhead;  Frost-bird;  Greenback; 
Greenhead;  Green  plover;  Muddy  breast;  Pale  belly; 
Pale  breast;  Three  toes;  Toad-head. 

Mull.,  Linne"  s  Vollstand.  natursyst.,  suppl.,  1776,  p.  116.  "ST. 
DOMINGO." 

Charadrius  marmoratm  Wagl.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  203,  pi.  316.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  125,  pi.  39,  fig.  5. 

Beaches,  marshes,  and  open  hilltops;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Formerly  common,  now  rare  fall  migrant  coastwise. 
Aug.  12-Xov.  15.* 

N.   H. —  Rare   migrant  coastwise.     (May);    Aug.   26-mid-Oct. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant :  Lunenburg. 

MASS. —  Very  rare  spring,  and  formerly  common  but  now  rare 
fall  migrant  coastwise.  (May);  Aug.  12-Nov.  2  (Nov.  19;  Nov. 
25,  1908,  Ipswich). 

R.  I. —  Migrant,  formerly  rare  in  spring  and  common  in  fall 
coastwise;  now  very  rare.  (May);  Aug.  14-Oct.  25. 

CONN. —  Formerly  common  migrant,  now  rare;  mainly  coast- 
wise. Oct.  24. 

165.  OXYECHUS  VOCIFERUS  (Linne)  Reichenbach. 
Killdeer. 

Charadrius  vociferus  Linne",  Syst.  nat,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1, 
p.  150.  "IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Aegialitis  vocifera  (Linne).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  173;  Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  11.  Egg,  Capen,  1886, 
pi.  18,  figs.  8,  9. 

Meadows,  fields,  and  marshes;  less  often  on  beaches;  nests  on 
the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  accidental  visitor.  Aug.  17-Oct.  24 
(Nov.  28-Dec.  4,  1888). 


AVES.  87 

LIMICOLAE. 

CHARADRIIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  and  accidental  winter  resident  (1888-89)  ; 
formerly  rare  summer  resident. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident   (Lake  Champlain). 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident;  accidental  winter 
resident  (1888-89).  Mar.  1-Dec.  15  (winter).  Eggs,  May  30. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident;  acci- 
dental winter  resident  in  1888-89.  Mar. -Dec.  (winter).  Eggs, 
May  10-31. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident,  formerly  more 
plentiful.  (Feb.  24)  late  Mar.-May;  summer.  Eggs,  June  6. 

166.  AEGIALITIS  SEMIPALMATA  (Bonaparte)  Bonaparte. 
Semipalmated  plover;  Little  ring-neck;  Ring-neck. 

Charadrius  semipalmatus  Bonap.,  Journ.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila., 
1825,  vol.  5,  p.  98.  Based  on  Wilson :  "NEW  JERSEY."  Audubon, 
Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  218,  pi.  320. 

Sandy  beaches  and  salt-marsh  flats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant;  mainly  coastwise.  May-(June  22); 
July  29-Sept. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  Late  April- June 
14  (June  26);  July  12-Oct.  28. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  April  19-May  15; 
July  6-Sept.  25. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  mainly  coastwise.  May  17-June; 
July-Sept. 

167.  AEGIALITIS  MELODA  (Ord)  Bonaparte. 

Piping  plover;    Clam-bird;     Mourning-bird;    Pale   ring-neck; 
Ring-neck. 

Charadrius  melodus  Ord,  Wilson's  Amer.  ornith.,  1824,  vol.  7, 


88  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

CHARADRIIDAE. 

p.  71.     "GREAT  EGG-HARBOR,"  N.  J.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1842,  vol.  5,  p.  223,  pi.  321.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  18,  fig.  10. 
Sandy  beaches;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Formerly  a  rare  summer  resident  coastwise  (Wells  Beach). 
May  2-Aug. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  coastwise. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  coastwise. 
(Mar.  26)  April  5-Sept.  22.  Eggs,  May  10-June  14  (July  20). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  coastwise. 
(Mar.  24)  May  15-Sept.  Eggs,  June  5^-14. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  coastwise. 

168.  OCHTHODROMUS  wiLSONius  (Ord)  Reichenbach. 
Wilson's  plover. 

Charadrius  wilsonia  Ord,  Wilson's  Amer.  ornith.,  1814,  vol.  9, 
p.  77,  pi.  73,  fig.  5.  "CAPE  ISLAND,  NEWJERSEY."  Audubon, 
Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  214,  pi.  319. 

Sandy  beaches  and  mudflats;  nests  on  the  ground. 

VT.,  N.  H.—  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Gernet  Pt.,  Plymouth,  Aug.  22, 
1877;  Ipswich,  May  8,  1904  (nee  Nahant,  Aug.  1839). 

R.  I. —  Doubtfully  included. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  Bridgeport,  July  28,  1888  ("seen," 
Averill);  Stratford  (Linsley). 

APHRIZIDAE. 

169.  ARENARIA  INTERPRES  (Linne*)  Vieillot. 
European  turnstone;   Tangle -picker. 

Tringa  interpres  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  148. 
"IN  EUROPA  &  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 


AVES.  89 

LIMICOLAE. 

APHRIZIDAE. 

Strepsilas  interpres  (Linne).     Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81, 
vol.  7,  p.  [555],  pi.  [532]. 

Seacoasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:    Monomoy  Island,  Sept.   8,   1892, 
(Bishop). 

170.  ARENARIA  INTERPRES  MORINELLA  (Linne")  A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Ruddy  turnstone;  Bead-bird;  Brant-bird;  Calico-back;  Calico- 
bird;  Chicken  plover;  Horsefoot  snipe;  Rock-bird;  Rock 
plover;  Stone  plover;  Turnstone. 

Tringa  morinella  Linne,  Syst.  nat ,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  249. 

"AD  MARIS  LITTORA  AMERICAE  SEPTENTRIONALIS;      &   EuROPAE." 

Strepsilas  interpres  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  231,  pi.  323. 

Seacoasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant.     May  22-27;   July  28-Sept. 
N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant. 
VT. —  Rare  migrant:   Lake  Champlain. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant.  May  1-31  (June  24);  July 
25-Oct.  16. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     May  14-20;   Aug.  4-Oct.  8. 
CONN. —  Common  migrant.     May  23;  Aug.-Sept. 

HAEMATOPODIDAE. 

171.  HAEMATOPUS  PALLIATTJS  Temminck. 
American  oyster-catcher. 

Temm.,  Man.  d'ornith.,  ed.  2,  1820,  vol.  2,  p.  532.  "L'AMERI- 
QUE  MERIDIONALE."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p. 
236,  pi.  324.  Egg,  Gentry,  Nests  and  eggs  birds  U.  S.,  1882,  p. 
277,  pi.  47. 

Seacoasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 


90  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

LIMICOLAE. 

HAEMATOPODIDAE. 

ME. —  Formerly  at  Portland  (Audubon) . 

MASS. —  Now  an  accidental  visitor.     Late  April;  Aug. 

CONN. —  Now  very  rare  migrant;  formerly  more  plentiful. 

GALLINAE.  PHASIANI. 

TETRAONIDAE. 

172.  COLINUS  VIRGINIANUS  (Linne)  Stejneger. 
Bob-white;   Quail;   Virginia  partridge. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  178,  pi.  1. 
Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  1,  fig.  1. 

Tetrao  virginianus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  161. 
"AMERICA." 

Weedy  and  brushgrown  fields  and  edges  of  woods;  nests  on  the 
ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Formerly  common,  now  rare  resident  in  southern 
counties;  also  introduced  from  the  South. 

VT. —  Rare  resident  at  lower  elevations ;  largely  introduced. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  resident;  also  introduced.  Eggs,  May- 
June  30  (Sept.). 

R.  I. —  Common  resident;  also  frequently  introduced.  Eggs, 
May  25- June  20  (!  Oct.  10). 

CONN. —  Common  resident,  also  introduced.  Eggs,  June  14- 
Aug.  (!  Sept.  2). 

173.  CANACHITES  CANADENSIS  CAN  ACE  (Linne)  Norton. 

Canadian  spruce  grouse;    Black  grouse;    Fool-hen;    Spotted 
grouse;  Spruce  partridge;  Wood  partridge. 

Tetrao  canace  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  275. 
"CANADA." 

Tetrao  canadensis  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  83,  pi.  294.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  1,  fig.  23. 


AVES  91 

GALLINAE.  PHASIANI. 

TETRAONIDAE. 

Dense  fir  and  spruce  woods;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  resident  in  northern  forests.     Eggs,  May. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident  in  northern  part,  and  above  3000 
ft.  in  White  Mts.  south  to  Mt.  Passaconaway.  Eggs,  late  May. 

VT. —  Uncommon  resident  in  northernmost  part  (Victoria). 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Gloucester,  Sept.  1851;  Roxbury 
Nov.  about  1865. 

174.  BONASA  UMBELLUS  (Linne")  Stephens. 

Ruffed  grouse;  Birch  partridge ;  Partridge;   Pheasant. 

Tetrao  umbellus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  275. 
"IN  PENSYLVANIA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  73,  pi.  293.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  2,  fig.  1. 

Woods  and  thickets;   nests  on  the  ground. 

VT. —  Nearly  typical  birds  rarely  found  in  south  part;   resident. 
MASS. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  April  27-June  2. 
R.  I. —  Common  in  northern  and  western  parts.     Eggs,  May  8- 
19. 

CONN. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  April  21-May  20. 

175.  BONASA  UMBELLUS  TOGATA  (Linne)  Ridgway. 
Canadian  ruffed  grouse;  Partridge;  Pheasant. 

Ridgway,  Manual  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  198.  Egg,  Bendire, 
1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  2,  fig.  2. 

Tetrao  togatus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  275. 
"CANADA." 

Woods  and  thickets;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  April  27-May  25. 

N.  H. —  Common  resident  up  to  tree  limit  on  mountains. 

VT. —  Common  resident. 


92  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

GALLINAE.  PHASIANI. 

TETRAONIDAE. 

MASS. —  Resident;  nearly  typical  birds  occur  in  Berkshire  Co. 
(North  Adams). 

176.  LAGOPUS  LAGOPUS  (Linne*)  Stejneger. 
Willow  ptarmigan. 

Tetrao  lagopus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  159. 

"IN  EUROPAE  ALPINIS." 

Lagopus  albus  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  114,  pi.  299  (summer).  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  2,  fig.  5- 
10. 

Dense  thickets;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  near  Dennisville  (Audubon);  Ken- 
duskeag,  April  23,  1892. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor  (or  escape) :  Manchester,  May  10, 
1859. 

R.  I.—  Doubtfully  recorded. 

177.  TYMPANUCHUS  CUPIDO  (Linne)  Ridgway. 
Heath-hen;  Eastern  pinnated  grouse ;  He  then. 

Tetrao  cupido  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  160.  "IN 
VIRGINIA/'  De  Kay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844,  vol.  2,  p.  205,  pi. 
77,  fig.  175. 

Cupidonia  cupido  Brewster,  Auk,  1885,  vol.  2,  p.  82.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  3,  fig.  2. 

Scrub-oak  thickets;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Ascribed  by  Audubon  to  Maine,  but  perhaps  erroneously. 

MASS. —  Resident,  now  confined  to  Martha's  Vineyard,  but 
(till  about  1815)  occurring  coastwise  nearly  to  Boston,  and  in  lower 
Connecticut  valley.  Eggs,  June  2-July  24. 

R.  I. —  Formerly  common,  but  practically  extirpated  by  1800. 

CONN. —  Formerly  common;  extirpated  before  1840  (Westford, 
about  1832,  Nuttall). 


AVES.  93 

GALLINAE.  PHASIANI. 

TETRAONIDAE. 

178.  MELEAGRIS  GALLOPAVO  SILVESTRIS  (Vieillot)  Allen. 
Wild  turkey. 

Meleagris  silvestris  VieilL,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1817,  vol.  9, 
p.  447.  ''ILLINOIS  JUSQU'A  L'ISTHME  DE  PANAMA." 

Meleagris  gallopavo  Linne".  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  42,  pis.  287,  288.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  3,  fig.  14. 

Woods  and  thickets;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Formerly  a  resident  in  southern  counties  (to  Mt.  Desert  ?) ; 
now  extirpated. 

N.  H. —  Formerly  a  resident  in  southern  part;  last  record  in 
1841  or  '42. 

VT. —  Formerly  resident  in  southern  part;  now  extirpated. 

MASS. —  Formerly  common  resident;  last  recorded  capture  at 
Mt.  Tom,  winter  of  1850-51. 

R.  I. —  Formerly  common  resident. 

CONN. —  Formerly  common  resident;  last  killed  about  1813  on 
Totoket  Mt.,  Northford. 

COLUMBAE. 

COLUMBIDAE. 

179.  ECTOPISTES  MIGRATORIUS  (Linne")  Swainson. 
Passenger  pigeon;  Wild  pigeon. 

Columba  migratoria  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p. 
285.  "IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Ectopistes  migratoria  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  5,  p.  25,  pi.  285.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  4,  fig.  6. 

Woods  and  fields;   nests  in  trees  in  colonies. 

ME. —  Formerly  an  abundant  migrant  and  local  summer  resident; 
last  specimens  taken  near  Dexter,  Aug.  16,  1896,  and  at  Bar  Harbor, 
early  summer  1904.  April  7-Sept. 


94  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

COLUMBAE. 

COLUMBIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Formerly  abundant  migrant  and  local  summer  resident ; 
last  specimen  taken  at  Concord,  1885.  April  2-18;  summer- 
Oct.  10. 

VT. —  Formerly  abundant  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar. 
20-Oct.  10. 

MASS. —  Formerly  abundant  migrant  and  common  local  summer 
resident,  rare  in  winter;  last  recorded  in  1889.  Mar.  10-Oct.  21 
(winter).  Eggs,  May  22. 

R.  I. —  Formerly  abundant  migrant;  last  killed  in  1886. 

CONN. —  Formerly  an  abundant  migrant,  and  common  summer 
resident.  April  2-fall.  Eggs,  late  May. 

180.    ZENAIDURA  MACROURA  CAROLINENSIS  (Linne)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Mourning  dove ;  Carolina  dove;  Long-tailed  dove ;  Turtledove. 

Columba  carolinensis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p. 
286.  "IN  AMERICA." 

Zenaidura  macroura  (Linne).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east. 
No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  188;  Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  13.  Egg,  Bendire, 
1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  4,  figs.  8,9. 

Open  woods  and  fields;  nests  in  trees,  or  rarely  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident  in  southern  part; 
accidental  in  winter.  Mar.  21-Oct.  24  (Nov.  21  and  winter). 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident  in  southern  part. 
Late  Mar.-Oct.  (Dec.  15). 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident :   Rutland  Co. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident.  Mar.  5-Nov.  15  (winter).  Eggs,  April  19-May  20. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  northern  and  western 
parts.  April  3-Oct.  15.  Eggs,  May  15-25. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  summer  and  rare  winter  resident.  Mar.- 
Nov.  (winter).  Eggs,  May  24- June  20  (July  27). 


AVES.  95 

COLUMBAE. 

COLUMBIDAE. 

181.  STARNOENAS  CYANOCEPHALA  (Linne")  Bonaparte. 
Blue -headed  quail-dove. 

Columba  cyanocephala  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1, 
p.  163.  "AMERICA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  23,  pi.  284. 

Thickets  and  woods;  nests  among  vines. 

MASS. —  One  taken  at  Brookline,  Oct.  10,  1870,  probably  an 
escape. 

RAPTORES.  SARCORHAMPHI. 

CATHARTIDAE. 

182.  CATHARTES  AURA  SEPTENTRIONALIS  (Wied)  Nelson. 
Turkey  vulture ;  Turkey  buzzard. 

Cathartes  septentrionalis  Wied,  Reise  Nord- America,  1839, 
vol.  1,  p.  162.  Locality  elsewhere  given  as  NEAR  NEW  HARMONY, 
INDIANA. 

Cathartes  aura  Linne*.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  15,  pi.  2.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  4,  figs.  1,  3. 

Open  country;  nests  on  ground  in  shallow  caves  or  in  hollow  logs. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor  at  all  seasons  (eight  records). 
N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:   Hampton  Falls,  April  1882;   North 
Weare,  spring  1887. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  Eutaw. 

MASS. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons. 

R.  I. —  Occasional  visitor;  four  records.     May  10-Nov. 

CONN. —  Occasional  (mainly  summer)  visitor.     April  20-Oct.  18. 

183.  CATHARISTA  URUBU  (Vieillot)  Vieillot. 

Black  vulture;     Black-headed  buzzard;     Carrion   crow;    Jim 
crow. 

Vultur  urubu  Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Amer.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  1, 


96  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  SARCORHAMPHI. 

CATHARTIDAE. 

p.  23,  pi.  2.  "L'AMERIQUE,  DEPUIS  LA  NOUVELLE-ECOSSE  jus- 
Qu'A  LA  TERRE  DE  FEU." 

Cathartes  atratus  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  17,  pi.  3.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  4,  figs.  7,  10. 

Open  country  and  vicinity  of  dwellings;    nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor.     Aug.  20-Nov.  3. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  Lunenburg;  Woodbury,  July  10,  1884. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor.     July-Nov. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  East  Lyme,  July  6,  1901. 

FALCONES. 
FALCONIDAE. 

184.  ELANOIDES  FORFICATUS  (Linne)  Coues. 
Swallow-tailed  kite. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  196;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  1.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  5,  figs.  1,  2. 

Falco  forficatus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  89. 
"AMERICA." 

Open  country;  nests  in  tall  trees. 

ME. —  Erroneously  recorded. 

N.  H.—  Doubtfully  recorded  (Franklin,  1875). 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded  (Williams). 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Amesbury  (=  West  Newbury) 
about  Sept.  25,  1882;  Whately;  (?)  near  Northampton,  1880. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  Lyme,  July  2,  1877;  Portland, 
summer  1861;  Saybrook,  June  16,  1889. 

185.  CIRCUS  HUDSONIUS  (Linne*)  Vieillot. 

Marsh  hawk;    Blue  hawk;    Bog-trotter;    Frog  hawk;    Harrier; 
Mole  hawk;  Mouse  hawk;  Mouser;  Snake  hawk. 

A.  K.  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  p.  26,  pi.  3.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  5,  fig.  8-10. 


AVES.  97 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

Falco  hudsonius  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  128. 
"AD  FRETUM  HUDSONIS." 

Open  country,  fields,  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident.  Mar. 
19-Oct.  7  (Nov.  12).  Eggs,  June  4. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  uncommon  summer  resident.  Mar. 
16-Nov.  12. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.     April  14-Oct. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  uncommon  summer  resident;  rare 
winter  resident  on  the  coast.  Mar.  1-Nov.  29  (winter).  Eggs, 
May  12- June  8. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  rare  summer  and  winter  resident. 
Mar.  15-Oct.  29  (winter).  Eggs,  May  23,  25. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  uncommon  summer  resident;  winters 
rarely.  Mar  .-Nov.  6  (winter).  Eggs,  May  9- June  9. 

186.     ACCIPITER  VELOX  (Wilson)  Vigors. 
Sharp-shinned  hawk;   Pigeon  hawk. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  198;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  4.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  5,  fig.  11-17. 

Falco  velox  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1812,  vol.  5,  p.  116,  pi.  45,  fig.  1. 
"BANKS  OF  THE  SCHUYLKILL." 

Open  or  wooded  country;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident;  rare 
winter  resident  (Portland,  1905;  Westbrook,  1907).  Mar.  27- 
Nov.  23  (winter).  Eggs,  June  1. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident;  rare 
winter  resident  in  southern  part.  Eggs,  May  23- June  1. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  and  rare  winter  resident. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  uncommon  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Eggs,  May  3-June  10. 


98  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant,  rare  summer  and  winter  resident. 
Eggs,  May  23,  25. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Eggs,  May  15-June  26. 

187.  ACCIPITER  COOPERII  (Bonaparte)  Gray. 
Cooper's  hawk;   Chicken  hawk. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  199;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  5.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  5,  fig.  18-20. 

Falco  cooperii  Bonap.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1828,  vol.  2,  p.  1,  pi.  10, 
fig.  1.  "NEAR  BORDENTOWN,  NEW  JERSEY." 

Open  country  and  woods;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  April  4-Oct.  24  (?  Jan. 
16). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower 
elevations.  Mar.  26-Oct.  Eggs,  May  12-30. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;  (?  winter). 
Eggs,  April  22. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  in 
winter.  Eggs,  April  25- June  11. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident;  prob- 
ably winters  rarely.  Eggs,  May  12-14. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Eggs,  April  25-June  18. 

188.  ASTUR  ATRICAPILLUS  (Wilson)  Bonaparte. 
American  goshawk;  Blue  hawk;  Partridge  hawk. 

Falco  atricapillus  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1812,  vol.  6,  p.  80,  pi. 
52,  fig.  3.    NEAR  "PHILADELPHIA." 
Accipiter  atricapillus    (Wils.).     Chapman,   Handb.   birds   east. 


AVES.  99 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  199;  A.  K.  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S., 
1893,  pi.  6.     Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  6,  fig.  1. 
Open  country  and  heavy  woods;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  winter  resident,  less  common  summer  resident. 
Oct.  26-May;  summer.  Eggs,  April  25-May. 

N.  H. —  Irregularly  common  winter  resident;  rare  summer 
resident  south  to  Alstead. 

VT. —  Irregular  winter  visitor;  rare  summer  resident  south  to 
Rutland,  Mendon.  Eggs,  April  23-May  1. 

MASS. —  Winter  visitor,  irregularly  common;  casual  summer 
visitor  (Hoosac  Mt.,  Aug.  15,  1900).  Oct.  4-Feb.  26. 

R.  I. —  Irregular  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common.  Oct.  27- 
Feb.  14. 

CONN. —  Irregular  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common ;  accidental 
in  late  summer.  (Aug.  24,  1893,  West  Haven)  Oct.  2-winter. 

189.     BUTEO  BOREALIS  (Gmelin)  Vieillot. 
Red-tailed  hawk  or  buzzard;   Hen  hawk. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  200;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  7.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  6,  figs.  5,  6. 

Falco  borealis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  266.  "IN 
AMERICA  BOREALI,  POTISSIMUM  CAROLINA." 

Open  country  and  forests;  nests  in  large  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  and  in  southern  counties 
rare  winter  resident.  Eggs,  May  6-26. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident,  wintering  from  White  Mts.  south. 

VT. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  April  22. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident;  rare  summer 
resident.  Eggs,  April  6-27. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  winter,  and  rare  summer  resident.  Nov.  30- 
Mar.  25;  summer.  Eggs,  April  5-30. 


100  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident ;  rare  summer 
resident.  Sept.-Mar. ;  summer.  Eggs,  Mar.  28- April  24  (May  25). 

190.  BUTEO  LINEATUS  (Gmelin)  Vieillot. 

Red-shouldered  hawk;     Chicken  hawk;    Hen  hawk;    Winter 
hawk. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  201;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  8.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  7,  fig.  1-5. 

Falco  lineatus  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  268.     "IN 

INSULA  LONGA,"  NEW  YORK. 

Open  country  and  woods;  nests  in  large  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  (Mar.  4)  Mar.  20-Oct.  21. 
Eggs,  late  April-May  24. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  north  to  southern  valleys 
of  White  Mts.  Mar.  27-Nov. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  (?  winters).  Mar.  17-fall. 
Eggs,  April  22. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Eggs,  April  3- June  6. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  April  5-13. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  less  common 
summer  resident.  Eggs,  April  5- June  1. 

191.  BUTEO  SWAINSONI  Bonaparte. 
Swainson's  hawk. 

Bonap.,  Geogr.  and  comparative  list  birds  Europe  and  No.  Amer., 
1838,  p.  3.  Based  on  Audubon:  "NEAR  THE  COLUMBIA  RIVER." 
Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  203;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  9.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  8,  fig.  1-6. 


AVES.: 


RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

Open  prairie  country  or  edges  of  woods  near  streams;  nests  in 
trees. 

ME. —  Occasional  visitor  from  West.     May  19;  Sept.  15,  Oct.  8. 

VT. —  Rare  visitor:   Lunenburg. 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor  (four  records).     April  20-Nov.  7. 

192.  BUTEO  PLATYPTERUS  (Vieillot)  Faxon. 
Broad-winged  hawk. 

Sparvius  platypterus  Vieill.,  Encycl.  method,  ornith.,  1823,  vol. 
3,  p.  1273.  Based  on  Wilson:  "NEAR  THE  SCHUYLKILL." 

Buteo  latissimus  (Wils.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  204;  A.  K.  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893, 
pi.  10.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  7,  fig.  10-13. 

Woodlands,  and  along  streams;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  (Mar.  31)  April  11-Sept. 
17.  Eggs,  May  2- June  12. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  8- 
Sept.  15.  Eggs,  May  16. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.     April  14-falL 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant,  and  in  remoter  districts,  a  rare 
summer  resident.  April  12-Sept.  30  (Oct.  16).  Eggs,  May  7-31. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident.  April- 
Oct.  Eggs,  May  15-19. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant,  and  rare  summer  (and  ?  winter) 
resident.  Eggs,  May  3-18. 

193.  ARCHIBUTEO   LAGOPUS  SANCTI-JOHANNIS   (Gmelin)   Coues. 
American  rough-legged  hawk;   Black  hawk. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  205;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.  1893,  pi.  11.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  8,  fig.  10-12. 


102;  :     I  f.'/Y'^AttfX  P     NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

Falco  S.  johannis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  273. 

"IN  FRETO  HUDSONIS  ET  NOVA  TERRA/' 

Open  country;  nests  on  cliffs  or  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Oct.  28-Mar. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  irregular  fall  and  winter  visitor.  Oct.- 
(May  6). 

VT. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Oct. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Oct.-April  13  (May  8). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Oct.-April  12. 

CONN.—  Fall  and  winter  visitor,  irregular,  but  sometimes  com- 
mon. Nov.  20-April. 

194.  AQUILA  CHRYSAETOS  (Linne)  Sprungli. 
Golden  e  agle ;  Ring-tailed  e  agle . 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  206;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  13.  Egg,  Bendire, 
1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  9,  figs.  3,  5. 

Falco  chrysaetos  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  88.  "IN 
EUROPA." 

Mountainous  country;  nests  on  cliffs  or  in  large  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  visitor;  not  now  known  to  breed  (young  (?),  Sandy 
Bay  Mt.,  1895). 

N.  H. —  Rare  visitor;  formerly  rare  resident  in  White  Mts. 

VT. —  Rare  visitor;  formerly  a  resident. 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor  at  all  seasons,  not  now  known  to  breed. 

R.  I. —  Rare  visitor  in  fall  and  winter. 

CONN. —  Rare  visitor,  at  all  seasons. 

195.  HALIAEETUS  LEUCOCEPHALUS  (Linne)  Boie. 

.Bald  eagle;    Gray  eagle;  Washington  eagle  (young);   White- 
headed  eagle. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  207;   A.  K. 


AVES.  103 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  14.  Egg,  Bendire, 
1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  9,  fig.  7. 

Falco  leucocephalus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  124. 
"IN  AMERICA,  EUROPA." 

Open  wild  country,  especially  near  lakes  and  seacoasts;  nests  in 
tall  trees  or  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident  coastwise.  Eggs,  April  4-21. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  in 
winter  in  southern  part. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and,  near  coast,  occasional  at  all 
seasons.  No  recent  breeding  records  (formerly  on  Mt.  Tom). 

R.  I. —  Occasional  at  all  seasons,  though  not  known  to  breed. 

CONN. —  Occasional  at  all  seasons,  but  most  frequent  as  a  mi- 
grant; formerly  bred  (Mt.  Carmel,  Saltonstall  Ridge,  West 
Peak). 

196.  FALCO  ISLANDUS  Briinnich. 

White  gyrfalcon;  White  or  Speckled  hawk. 

Brtinn.,  Ornith.  borealis,  1764,  p.  2.     "!SLANDIA." 
Falco  islandicus  Lath.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  81,  pi.  19.     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  4,  pi.  1,  fig.  2. 
Open  country  and  barrens;  nests  on  sea  cliffs. 

ME.— Accidental  visitor:  South  Winn,  Oct.  8,  1893;  (nee 
Cape  Elizabeth). 

N.  H.— Doubtfully  recorded  (Errol,  Nov.  4,  1868,  Maynard). 

MASS. —  Doubtfully  recorded  (Cambridge,  Jan.-Feb.,  1833, 
Nuttall). 

197.  FALCO  RUSTICOLUS  Linne". 
Gray  gyrfalcon. 

Linne\  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  88.     "IN  SVECIA." 


104  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

Coues,  Key  to  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  2,  p.  665;  Brisson, 
Ornith.,  1760,  vol.  1,  pi.  31. 
Open  country;  nests  on  cliffs. 

ME.— Accidental  visitor:    Cape  Elizabeth,  Oct.  13,  1877. 

198.  FALCO  RUSTICOLUS  GYRFALCO  (Linne)  Stejneger. 
Gyrfalcon;    MacFarlane's  gyrfalcon. 

Ridgway,  Manual  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  245-246. 

Falco  gyrfalco  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  91.  "IN 
EUROPA."  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  6,  pi.  [367]. 
Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  9,  figs.  6,  8,  9. 

Open  or  mountainous  country;  nests  on  cliffs. 

ME. —  Very  rare  winter  visitor:  Jacques  Id.,  Mar.  7,  1907; 
Ktaadn  Iron  Works,  December,  1876;  "Maine;"  North  Deering, 
Dec.  11,  1906. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Very  rare  winter  visitor:  Melrose,  Jan.  1,  1891;  North- 
ampton, Feb.,  1880;  Stowe,  1881. 

R.  I. —  Very  rare  winter  visitor:  Point  Judith,  Oct.  11,  1883; 
near  Providence,  winter,  1864-65. 

199.  FALCO  RUSTICOLUS  OBSOLETUS  (Gmelin)  Stejneger. 
Black  gyrfalcon;  Labrador  gyrfalcon. 

Ridgway,  Manual  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  245-246. 

Falco  obsoletus  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  268.     "IN 

FRETO  HUDSONIS." 

Falco  labradora  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  vol.  2,  pi.  196.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  10,  fig.  1. 

Open  and  mountainous  country;  nests  on  cliffs  or  rarely  in  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Sept.-Mar.  22. 
N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor:   Milford,  January,  1891. 


AVES.  105 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  .visitor  (four  records).  Oct.- 
Mar.  11. 

R.  I. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor:  Conanicut  Id.,  Nov.  22, 
1891;  Newport,  Oct.  28,  1896;  Tiverton,  Dec.  26,  1896. 

200.  FALCO  PEREGRINUS  ANATUM  (Bonaparte)  Blasius. 

Duck  hawk;    American  peregrine  falcon;    Black  hawk  (Vt.); 
Bullet  hawk;   Great-footed  hawk;  Ledge  hawk. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  209;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  15.  Egg,  Bendire, 
1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  10,  fig.  5-7. 

Falco  anatum  Bonap.,  Geogr.  and  comparative  list  birds  Europe 
and  No.  Amer.,  1838,  p.  4.  "NORTHERN  PARTS"  of  No.  America. 

Open  and  mountainous  country;  nests  on  ledges  or  in  cavities 
of  large  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident.     Mar.  14-Oct.     Eggs,  April  14. 

N.  H.,  VT. —  Rare  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  Mar.  14— 
Oct.  VT.,  Eggs,  May  2-June  30. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant,  and  in  western  mountains,  rare  local 
summer  resident;  rare  in  winter.  Eggs,  April  15-May  23. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant.     May;    Oct. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant,  summer  and  winter  resident.  Eggs, 
May  9  (large  young,  May  25,  Talcott  Mt.). 

201.  FALCO  COLUMBARIUS  Linne". 
Pigeon  hawk. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  90.  "AMERICA." 
Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  210;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  16.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  10,  figs.  4,  8. 

Woods  and  open  country;  nests  in  low  trees. 


106  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  rare  in  winter  and  summer;  prob- 
ably breeds  in  northern  counties  (fledglings  noted,  Knight).  Mar. 
28-May  13;  (summer  ;  Sept.-Oct.  10  (Dec.  1,  1906,  Westbrook; 
Feb.  22,  1907,  Scarborough). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May;  Aug.-Sept. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant;    doubtfully  recorded  in  summer. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  April 
10-May  16;  Sept.  7-Nov.  24;  winter. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant,  mainly  in  fall,  and  rare  winter 
resident.  April  24-May;  Sept.  3-Nov.  21  (Jan.). 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident;  doubt- 
fully recorded  in  summer.  April ;  ( ?  Aug.) ;  Sept.  25-Nov. ;  winter. 

202.  FALCO  TINNUNCULUS  Linne*. 
Kestrel. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  90.  "IN  EUROPAE 
TURRIBUS."  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  6,  p.  [113], 
pi.  [384].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  7,  pi.  4,  fig:  5. 

Open  and  wooded  country;  nests  in  dense  woods,  on  cliffs,  or  in 
towers  of  buildings. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor  from  Old  World :  Nantasket  Beach, 
Sept.  29,  1889. 

203.  FALCO  SPARVERIUS  Linne. 

American  sparrow  hawk;   Killyhawk;   Pigeon  hawk. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10, 1758,  vol.  1,  p.  90.  "  AMERICA."  Chap- 
man, Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  211;  A.  K.  Fisher, 
Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  17.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1, 
pi.  10,  fig.  11-16. 

Open  country;  nests  in  cavities  of  trees  or  rarely  of  buildings. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;    rare  winter 


AVES,  107 

RAPTORES.  FALCONES. 

FALCONIDAE. 

resident  in  southern  part  (Portland,  1907-08;  Yarmouth,  Jan.  10, 
1904).  Mar.  19-Oct.  15  (winter).  Eggs,  May  30. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident  north 
to  White  Mt.  valleys.  Mar.  15-Oct.  Eggs,  May  16. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.     Mar.  21-fall. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;  uncommon 
winter  resident  near  coast.  Eggs,  April  27-May  26. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant,  rare  winter  and  summer  resident. 
Eggs,  May  10. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  April  26-May  7. 

204.     PANDION  HALIAETUS  CAROLINENSIS   (Gmelin)  Ridgway. 
American  osprey;   Fish  hawk. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  212;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  18.  Egg,  Bendire, 
1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  10,  fig.  17;  pi.  11,  fig.  5-9. 

Falco  haliaetos  y.  carolinensis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt. 
1,  p.  263.  "AMERICA." 

Seacoasts  and  vicinity  of  large  streams  and  lakes;  nests  in  high 
or  low  trees,  on  rocks  or  artificial  sites. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  (Mar.  28)  April  5-Oct.  15. 
Eggs,  May  8- June  19. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant;  formerly  bred  at  Lake  Umbagog. 
April;  Aug.-Nov.  1. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  and  in  Bristol  Co.  a  summer  resi- 
dent. (Mar.  16)  April  2-May  29;  summer;  Aug.  26-Nov.  11. 
Eggs,  May  8-July. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  coastwise.  Mar. 
24-Oct.  21.  Eggs,  May  2-24. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  summer  resident 
coastwise.  Mar.  20-Nov.  13  (Dec.  1).  Eggs,  May  5- July  4. 


108  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  STRIGES. 

ALUCONIDAE. 

205.  ALUCO  PRATINCOLA  (Bonaparte)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
American  barn  owl;   Monkey-faced  owl. 

Strix  pratincola  Bonap.,  Geogr.  and  comparative  list  birds 
Europe  and  No.  Amer.,  1838,  p.  7.  "NORTHERN  PARTS"  of  No. 
America.  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p. 
213;  A.  K.  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  19.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  1.. 

Open  country,  hiding  in  hollow  trees  and  cavities  during  the  day; 
nests  in  hollow  trees,  burrows,  cavities  in  cliffs  or  buildings. 

ME. —  Erroneously  recorded  from  Falmouth. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:   Danby,  1902;    Lyndon,  June  4,  1894. 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor.     May-Dec. 

R.  I. —  Rare  visitor;  five  records. 

CONN. —  Rare  visitor.     June  11-Oct.  28. 

STRIGIDAE. 

206.  Asio  WILSONIANUS  (Lesson)  Coues. 
American  long-eared  owl;   Cat  owl. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,"  1895,  p.  214;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  20.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892, 
vol.  1,  pi.  1,  fig.  2. 

Otus  wilsonianus  Less.,  Traite*  d'ornith.,  vol.  1,  1831,  p.  110. 
"LES  ETATS-UNIS.  . . . PENSYLVANIE . . .  .NEW- YORK." 

Dense  woods  and  swamps;  nests  in  trees,  usually  in  old  crow  or 
hawk  nests. 

ME.,  N.  H.,  VT. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  May  1. 
MASS. —  Uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitor,  rare  summer  resi- 
dent.    Eggs,  April  1-May  14. 

R.  I. —  Rare  resident.     Eggs,  April  10. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  early  April-April  25. 


AVES.  109 

RAPTORES.  STRIGES. 

STRIGIDAE. 

207.  Asio  FLAMMEUS  (Pontoppidan)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Short-eared  owl;   Bog  owl;   Gray  marsh  owl;   Marsh  owl. 

Strix  flammea  Pontopp.,  Danske  atlas,  1763,  vol.  1,  p.  617, 
pi.  25.  Based  on  Linne*:  [Sweden]. 

Asio  accipitrinus  (Pallas).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  215;  A.  K  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893, 
pi.  21.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  3. 

Open  country  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  resident,  more  common  migrant  near  coast. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant.     April;  Nov. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  (?  winters). 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  mainly  near  coast,  rare  in  winter; 
rare  summer  resident.  Mar.  15- April  15;  summer;  Sept.  24-Nov. 
30  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident;  may 
winter  rarely.  April;  Oct.  26-Dec.  23.  Eggs,  April  28. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant;  rare  summer  and  winter  resident. 

208.  STRIX  VARIA  Barton. 

Barred  owl;    Barn  owl  (Me.);    Black-eyed  owl;    Hoot  owl; 
Round-headed  owl. 

Strix  varius  Barton,  Fragm.  nat.  hist.  Penna.,  1799,  p.  11. 
"  PENNSYLVANIA." 

Syrnium  nebulosum  (Forst.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east. 
No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  215;  A.  K.  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S., 
1893,  pi.  22.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  4. 

Heavy  woods,  preferably  near  water;  nests  in  hollows  of  trees 
or  in  abandoned  hawk  or  crow  nests. 

ME. —  Rather  common  resident.  Eggs,  Mar.  27. 
N.  H. —  Rather  common  resident  up  to  3000  feet. 
VT. —  Rather  common  resident. 


HO  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  STRIGES. 

STRIGIDAE. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  resident,  more  frequent  in  fall  migration. 
Eggs,  Mar.  27-May  13. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  resident,  occasionally  more  common  in  fall 
and  winter.  Eggs,  Mar.  15- April  12. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  resident.  Eggs  (Feb.),  Mar.  1-April  30 
(May  10). 

209.  SCOTIAPTEX  NEBULOSA  (Forster)  Preble. 
Great  gray  owl;   Cinereous  owl;  Spectral  owl. 

Strix  nebulosa  Forst.,  Phil,  trans,  roy.  soc.  London,  1772, 
vol.  62,  p.  424.  "CIRCA  SINUM  HUDSONIS." 

Strix  cinerea  Gmel.  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Boreali- 
Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  77,  pi.  31.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi. 
12,  fig.  5. 

Wooded  country;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  and  irregular  winter  visitor.     Nov.  8-Mar.  2. 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor. 

VT. —  Rare  and  irregular  winter  visitor.     Nov.  27-Feb.  11. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     Nov.  10-Mar.  4. 

R.  I.— Very  rare  winter  visitor:  Fox  Island,  Mar.  25,  1883; 
near  Providence,  1870,  Nov.  19,  1906. 

CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  North  Haven,  Jan.  18,  1893; 
Stratford,  Jan.  6,  1843. 

210.  GLAUX  FUNEREA  RICHARDSONI  (Bonaparte)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Richardson's  owl;  Sparrow  owl. 

Nyctale  richardsoni  Bonap.,  Geogr.  and  comparative  list  birds 
Europe  and  No.  Amer.,  1838,  p.  7.  Based  on  Audubon:  "AT 
BANGOR,  IN  MAINE,  ON  THE  PENOBSCOT  RIVER." 

Strix  tengmalmi  Linne.  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Bor- 
eali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  94,  pi.  32.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1, 
pi.  12,  fig.  6. 


AVES.  HI 

RAPTORES.  STRIGES. 

STRIGIDAE. 

Wooded  country;   nests  in  holes  in  trees. 

ME. —  Winter  visitor  of  irregular  abundance.  (Sept.)  Nov.  30- 
Mar.  16. 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     Dec.  15-Mar.  1. 

VT. —  Rare  winter  visitor. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     Nov.  26-Mar. 

R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor  (four  records).     Dec.  18. 

CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  East  Windsor,  1859. 

211.  GLAUX  ACADICUS  (Gmelin)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Saw-whet  owl;   Acadian  owl;   Little  owl. 

Strix  acadica  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  296.  "IN 
AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Nyctala  acadica  (Gmel.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  217. 

Ulula  acadica  (Gmel.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  123,  pi.  33.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  7. 

Dense  woods;  nests  in  old  woodpecker  holes  or  cavities  of  trees. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  April  6. 

VT. —  Uncommon  resident,  mainly  in  northern  part. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  resident,  breeding  locally.  Eggs,  April  4- 
May  1  (July  3). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor;  may  breed  rarely.  Nov.- 
Feb. 

CONN. —  Rare  resident. 

212.  OTUS  ASIO  (Linne)  Stone. 

Screech  owl;    Cat  owl;   Little  horned  owl;   Mottled  owl;    Red 
owl. 

Strix  asio  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  92.     "AMER- 


112  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  STRIGES. 

STRIGIDAE. 

Megascops  asio  (Linne*).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  218;  A.  K.  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S., 
1893,  pi.  23.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  8. 

Open  woods,  orchards,  and  shade  trees;  nests  in  cavities  of  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  resident. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident  of  southern  part,  becoming  rare 
in  southern  valleys  of  White  Mts. 
VT. —  Uncommon  resident  at  lower  elevations. 
MASS. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  April  15-May  5. 
R.  I. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  April  7-May  2. 
CONN. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  April  7-26. 

213.  BUBO  VIRGINIANUS  (Gmelin)  Bonaparte. 
Great  horned  owl;   Gat  owl;  Eagle  owl;   Hoot  owl. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  219;  A.  K. 
Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  pi.  24.  Egg,  Bendire, 
1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  12. 

Strix  virginiana  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  287. 
"IN  OMNI  AMERICA,  IN  ASTRACANIA  AD  CAMSCHATCAM  USQUE, 
ET  POLO  ARCTICO  PROPIUS." 

Heavy  woods;  nests  in  cavities  of  trees,  in  open  nests  on  the 
branches,  or  rarely  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  Mar.  11-23. 
VT. —  Uncommon  resident. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  Feb.  17-April  20. 
R.  I.— Rare  resident.     Eggs,  Feb.  28-Mar.  11. 
CONN. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  Feb.  19-Mar.  8  (April  12, 
second  laying). 

214.  BUBO  VIRGINIANUS  SUBARCTICUS  (Hoy)  Ridgway. 
Arctic  horned  owl. 

Bubo  subarcticus  Hay,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1852,  vol.  6, 
p.  211.  "WISCONSIN." 


AVES.  113 

RAPTORES.  STRIGES. 

STRIGIDAE. 

Strix  arctica  Swains.  Swains,  and  Richardson,  Fauna  Boreali- 
Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  87,  pi.  32. 

Heavy  woods  or  open  country;  nests  probably  in  cavities  of 
trees,  or  on  their  branches. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  "Maine";  Brownfield,  1886. 
(Knight  supposes  these  to  be  "pale  or  faded  individuals  of  the  typi- 
cal Horned  Owl.") 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Waltham,  Nov.  30,  1867. 

215.  BUBO  VIRGINIANUS  HETEROCNEMIS  (Oberholser)  A.  O.  U. 
comm. 

Labrador  horned  owl. 

Asio  magellanicus  heterocnemis  Oberh.,  Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus., 
1904,  vol.  27,  p.  187  "LANCE  AU  LOUP,  LABRADOR." 

Dense  forests;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  near  Portland,  Mar.  1870  (recorded  as 
B.  v.  saturatus). 

216.  NYCTEA  NYCTEA  (Linne")  Lichtenstein. 
Snowy  owl;   Arctic  owl;   White  owl. 

Strix  nyctea  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  93.  "IN 
EUROPA  &  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Surjiia  nyctea  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  113,  pi.  28.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  19. 

Open  country  and  barren  grounds ;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitor.  (Sept.)  Oct.  15— 
Feb. 

N.  H. —  Late  fall  and  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common;  acci- 
dental in  summer  (Concord,  July).  Oct.  10-April  (July). 

VT. —  Irregular  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Oct.  20. 

MASS. —  Irregular  fall  and  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common. 
(Oct.  12)  Oct.  28-April  15  (May  20). 


114  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

RAPTORES.  STRIGES. 

STRIGIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  and  irregular  winter  visitor.     Nov.  3-Feb.  15. 
CONN. —  Uncommon  and  irregular  winter  visitor.     Oct.  17. 

217.  SURNIA  ULULA  CAPAROCH  (Muller)  Stejneger. 
American  hawk  owl;   Day  owl. 

Strix  caparoch  Mull.,  Linne'  Vollstand.  natursyst.,  suppl.,  1776, 
p.  69.  "EUROPA." 

Surnia  funerea  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  112,  pi.  27.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  18. 

Open  country  or  woods;  nests  in  trees  or  rarely  in  cliffs. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor.  Oct.  24-Mar.  10  (April  16, 
1906,  Van  Buren). 

N.  H. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor.  Oct.  25-(April  20,  Con- 
necticut Lakes). 

VT. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor;  (?  summer  in  north).  Nov. 
2-winter. 

MASS. —  Rare  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Nov.  16-Mar.  25. 

R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  West  Greenwich,  Nov.  16,  1906; 
(also  one  doubtful  record). 

CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  New  Haven,  Nov.  1869. 

218.  SPEOTYTO  CUNICULARIA  HYPOGAEA  (Bonaparte)  Coues. 
Burrowing  owl. 

A.  K.  Fisher,  Hawks  and  owls  of  U.  S.,  1893,  p.  195,  pi.  25. 
Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  12,  fig.  14. 

Strix  hypogaea  Bonap.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1825,  vol.  1,  p.  72,  pi.  7, 
fig.  2.  "WESTERN  AMERICAN  TERRITORY/' 

Open  prairie  country;  nests  in  old  burrows  of  prairie-dogs  and 
spermophiles. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Newburyport,  May  5,  1875. 


AVES.  115 

COCCYGES.  CUCULI. 

CUCULIDAE. 

219.  COCCYZUS  AMERICANUS  (Linne")  Bonaparte. 

Yellow-billed  cuckoo;    Chow-chow;    Egg  sucker;    Milk  sourer; 
Rain  crow;   Rain  dove. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  293,  pi.  275.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  5,  fig.  1. 

Cuculus  americanus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p. 
111.  "CAROLINA." 

Thickets,  shade  trees,  and  open  woods;  nests  in  low  trees  or 
bushes. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident  in  southern  counties.  May  18— 
Aug. 

N.  H. —  Rare  summer  resident  of  coast  and  southern  valleys. 
May-Sept. 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations.  May-summer. 
Eggs,  June  4- July  10. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  mainly  of  south  and  east 
parts.  (May  4)  May  9-Sept.  26  (Oct.  6;  Nov.).  Eggs,  May  20- 
June  30. 

R.  I. —  Summer  resident,  sometimes  common.  May  9-Sept. 
25  (Oct.  23).  Eggs,  May  24-30. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  7-Sept.  (Oct.  11). 
Eggs,  June  1-July  24  (Aug.  4,  18,  26,  Sept.  23). 

220.  COCCYZUS  ERYTHROPHTHALMUS  (Wilson)  Bonaparte. 

Black-billed  cuckoo;    Chow-chow;    Egg  sucker;    Milk  sourer; 
Rain  crow;   Rain  dove. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  300,  pi.  276.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  5,  figs.  3,  4. 

Cuculus  erythropthalma  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  4,  p.  16, 
pl..28.  "GEORGIA." 

Thickets,  shade  trees,  and  open  woods;  nests  in  low  trees  or 
bushes. 


116  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

COCCYGES.  CUCUL1. 

CUCULIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  11-Sept.  14.  Eggs, 
June  17. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations.  May  12- 
Sept.  22  (Oct.  5). 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     Eggs,  (Aug.  13). 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  4-Sept.  27  (Oct. 
21).  Eggs,  May  20-June  17. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  11-Sept.  16.  Eggs, 
May  27- June  1. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  15-Sept.  28  (Nov. 
28,  1888,  Stratford).  Eggs,  June  7- July  24  (Aug.  26). 

ALCYONES. 

ALCEDINIDAE. 

221.     CERYLE  ALCYON  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 
Belted  kingfisher;   Kingfisher;   Lazy-bird. 

Alcedo  alcyon  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  115. 
"AMERICA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  205,  pi. 
255.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  fig.  3. 

Vicinity  of  bodies  of  water;  nests  in  burrows  excavated  in  banks. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  April  12-Sept.  (Dec.  27). 
Eggs,  June  1. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident;  rare  winter  resident  near 
open  streams.  Mar.-Nov.  24  (winter).  Eggs,  May  20. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident;  rare  winter  resident.  Mar. 
27-Oct.  (winter,  Brattleboro). 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident,  and  rare  winter  resident. 
Mar.  15-Dec.  5  (winter).  Eggs,  May  15-June  6. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  and  uncommon  winter  resident. 
Mar  .-Oct.  20;  winter.  Eggs,  May  15-20. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  and  uncommon  winter  resident. 
Mar.  29-Nov.  13;  winter.  Eggs,  May  14. 


AVES.  117 

PICI. 

PICIDAE. 

222.  DRYOBATES  VILLOSUS  (Linne")  Cabanis. 

Hairy  woodpecker;    Big  guinea  woodpecker;    Big  sapsucker. 

Picus  villosus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  175. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1842,  vol.  4,  p.  244,  pi.  262.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  fig.  9. 

Forests;  nests  in  holes  dug  in  dead  or  live  trees. 

ME. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  May  28. 

N.  H. —  Common  resident  up  to  4500  ft. 

VT. —  Uncommon  resident.     Eggs,  June  8. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  and  less  common  summer 
resident,  especially  in  western  part.  Eggs,  April  22-May  30. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitor  and  rare  summer 
resident  (Chepachet,  Cranston).  Sept.  l.-Mar.;  summer.  Eggs, 
May  12-28. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  fall  and  winter  visitor,  rare  summer  resident. 
Eggs,  May  2-9. 

223.  DRYOBATES  PUBESCENS  MEDIANUS  (Swainson)  Brewster. 

Downy  woodpecker;    Little  guinea  woodpecker;    Little   sap- 
sucker. 

Picus  (Dendrocopus)  medianus  Swains.,  in  Swains,  and  Richard- 
son, Fauna  Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  308.  "MIDDLE  PARTS 
OF  NORTH  AMERICA  ....  NEW  JERSEY." 

Dry  abates  pubescens  (Linne).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east. 
No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  230;  Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  24.  Egg,  Capen, 
1886,  pi.  14,  fig.  10. 

Open  woods,  shade  and  orchard  trees;  nests  in  holes  excavated 
in  dead  trees. 

ME. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  May  27. 

N.  H. —  Common  resident,  mainly  below  3000  ft. 

VT. —  Common  resident. 


118  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PICI. 

PICIDAE. 

MASS. —  Common  resident,  most  conspicuous  in  fall  and  winter. 
Eggs,  May  20- June  21. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  summer  and  common  winter  resident.  Eggs, 
May  12-25. 

CONN. —  Common  resident. 

224.  PICOIDES  ARCTICUS  (Swainson)  Gray. 

Arctic  three-toed  woodpecker;    Black-backed  three -toed  wood- 
pecker. 

Picus  (Apternus)  arcticus  Swains.,  in  Swains,  and  Richardson, 
Fauna  Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  313,  pi.  57.  "NEAR  THE 

SOURCES    OF    THE    ATHABASCA    RlVER,    LAT.     57°."       Egg,    Capen, 

1886,  pi.  14,  fig.  11. 
Evergreen  forests;  nests  in  holes  excavated  in  dead  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor,  and  in  northern  and  western 
counties,  rare  resident.  Eggs,  May  23. 

N.  H. —  Rare  resident  above  3000  ft.  in  White  Mts.,  south  to  Mt. 
Passaconaway  and  possibly  on  Mt.  Monadnock  (Keene,  breeding), 
elsewhere  rare  visitor. 

VT. —  Rare  resident  in  northern  part  and  on  higher  peaks 
(nests  at  Burlington,  Lunenburg,  Sherburne,  Pico  Peak,  etc.); 
occasional  visitor  to  lower  country  in  fall  and  winter.  Eggs, 
May  29,  June  1. 

MASS. —  Occasional  fall  and  winter  visitor.  (Late  Sept.) 
Oct.  16-April  27  (July,  1888,  Boxford;  Aug.  11,  1883,  Dorchester). 

CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  East  Windsor  Hill;  Simsbury, 
1860. 

225.  PICOIDES  AMERICANUS  Brehm. 

American  three-toed  woodpecker;    Banded-backed  woodpecker; 
Ladder-backed  woodpecker. 

Picoides  americana  Brehm,  Handb.  d.  naturgesch.  aller  vogel 
Deutschl.,  1831,  p.  195.  "AMERIKA." 


AVES.  119 

PICI. 

PICIDAE. 

Picus  hirsutus  Vieill.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4, 
p.  268,  pi.  269.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  14,  fig.  12. 

Evergreen  forests;  nests  in  holes  excavated  in  dead  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor,  and  in  north  and  west,  a  rare  resident. 
Eggs,  June  2. 

N.  H. —  Rare  resident  above  3000  ft.,  south  to  Sandwich  range; 
elsewhere  rare  winter  visitor.  Eggs,  June  4. 

VT. —  Rare  winter  visitor  and  local  resident  (Pico  Peak  above 
2500  ft.). 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor.     April  28. 

226.     SPHYRAPICUS  VARIUS  (Linne")  Baird. 

Yellow-bellied  sapsucker;    Red-throated  sapsucker;    Squealing 
or  Whining  woodpecker. 

Picus  varius  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  176.  "IN 
AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844, 
vol.  2,  p.  188,  pi.  18,  fig.  38;  Bonaparte,  Amer.  ornith.,  1825,  vol. 
1,  pi.  8,  figs.  1,  2.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  14,  fig.  13. 

Woods,  orchards,  and  shade  trees;  nests  in  holes  excavated  in 
dead  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  counties  a  common 
summer  resident.  (Mar.  8  and  31)  April  10  —  Oct.  26  (Nov.  15). 
Eggs,  May  15- June  8. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  half  a  common  sum- 
mer resident  up  to  3000  ft.;  accidental  winter  resident  (Charles- 
town,  1898-99).  April  14-Oct.  20  (winter). 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  accidental  winter  resident;  in 
Berkshire  Co.  a  rare  summer  resident.  April  4-May  10;  summer; 
Sept.  10-Nov.  1  (winter). 

R.  I.— Uncommon  migrant.     (Mar.  23)-April;  Sept.  26-Oct.  11. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  Mar.  30- 
May  3;  Sept.  28-Oct.  (Dec.  21,  1908,  New  Haven). 


120  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PICI. 

PICIDAE. 

227.  PHLOEOTOMUS  PILEATUS  ABIETICOLA  (Bangs ) A.  O.  U.  comm. 

Northern  pileated  woodpecker;  Black  woodpecker;  Cock  of 
the  woods;  Laughing  woodpecker;  Logcock;  Stump-breaker; 
Wood  chuck;  Woodcock;  Woodhen. 

Ceophloeus  pileatus  abieticola  Bangs,  Auk,  1898,  vol.  15,  p.  176. 
"GREENVILLE,  MAINE." 

Pieus  pileatus  Linne".  DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844,  vol.  2, 
pi.  18,  fig.  35.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  14,  fig.  6. 

Heavy  timber;  nests  in  holes  excavated  in  dead  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  resident  in  wilder  portions.  Eggs,  May  11- 
May  28. 

N.  H. —  Rare  resident  mainly  in  northern  and  western  parts. 

VT. —  Rare  resident,  breeds  south  to  Taftsville,  Townshend, 
Wells  River.  Eggs,  May  22. 

MASS. —  Rare  resident  in  western  counties;  elsewhere  casual. 
Eggs,  May  17. 

CONN. —  Rare  or  now  an  accidental  visitor  (Granby,  Nov.  1, 
1890,  1894-95;  Litchfield,  June  20,  1908). 

228.  MELANERPES  ERYTHROCEPHALUS  (Linne)  Swainson. 
Red-headed  woodpecker. 

Piciis  erythrocephalus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p. 
113.  "AMERICA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p. 
274,  pi.  271.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  14,  fig.  14. 

Open  woodlands  and  shade  trees;   nests  in  holes  excavated  in 

dead  trees. 

• 

ME. —  Occasional  visitor,  mainly  in  spring  and  fall;  said  to 
have  bred  in  York  Co. 

N.  H. —  Rare  and  irregular  visitor  in  southern  half.  May  25- 
Sept. 

VT. —  Irregular  visitor  at  all  seasons,  sometimes  common ;  resi- 
dent and  bred  in  western  part  about  1880  (Orwell,  Rutland). 


AVES.  121 

PICI. 

PICIDAE. 

MASS. —  Rare  irregular  visitor  at  all  seasons,  sometimes  breeding 
(Agawam,  Brookline,  Newton).  Eggs,  May- June  17. 

R.  I. —  Irregular  visitor,  sometimes  common  in  fall;  rare  sum- 
mer resident  (Providence  Co.;  Warwick,  young  in  nest,  July  28, 
1882).  Eggs,  May  28. 

CONN. —  Rare  summer  resident  and  irregular  visitor  at  all. sea- 
sons; formerly  more  common. 

229.  CENTURUS  CAROLINUS  (Linne")  Bonaparte. 
Red-bellied  woodpecker. 

Picus  carolinus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  113. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844, 
vol.  2,  p.  189,  pi.  17,  fig.  37. 

Wooded  bottomlands;  nests  in  holes  excavated  in  dead  trees. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor  (five  records).     May-Nov. 
R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  near  Providence,  two  specimens. 
CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  Hartford;  Stratford,  Oct.  16,  1842. 
Suffield,  July  30,  1874. 

230.  COLAPTES  AURATUS  LUTEUS  Bangs. 

Northern  flicker;  Anteater;  Clape;  Golden-winged  woodpecker; 
Grasshopper  woodpecker  (Vt.);  Harry  wicket;  High-hole; 
Pigeon  woodpecker;  Wake-up;  Yaffle;  Yellow  jay;  Yellow- 
hammer;  Yellow-wing  (Mass.);  Yucker. 

Bangs,  Auk,  1898,  vol.  15,  p.  177.     "WATERTOWN,  MASS/' 
Colaptes  auratus   (Linne).     Chapman,  Bird-life,   1898,  p.   116, 

pi.  26.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  14,  fig.  15. 

Open  woods,  orchards,  fields,  clearings;  nests  in  holes  excavated 

in  dead  trees,  or  in  cavities. 

ME. —  Common  summer,  and  near  coast,  a  rare  winter  resident. 
Mar.  11-Nov.  13  (winter).  Eggs,  May  27- June  14. 


122  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PICI. 

PICIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  below  2000  ft. ; 
rare  winter  resident  near  coast.  Eggs,  May  24. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and   summer  resident.     April  18-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident,  mainly  near  coast.  Eggs,  May  6- June  20. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Mar.  18-Nov.;  winter.  Eggs,  April  29-May  19. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident.  Mar.  28-Nov.  28;  winter.  Eggs,  May  18- 
June  9. 

MACROCHIRES.  CAPRIMULGI. 

CAPRIMULGIDAE. 

231.  ANTROSTOMUS  CAROLINENSIS  (Gmelin)  Gould. 
Chuck-will'  s-widow. 

Caprimulgus  carolinensis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2, 
p.  1028.  "VIRGINIA  &  CAROLINA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1840,  vol.  1,  p.  151,  pi.  41.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1, 
figs.  8,  9. 

Woods  and  thickets,  active  at  night;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Revere  (Oct.  or  Dec.),  1884. 
CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:    New  Haven,  May  19,  1889  (after 
southerly  storm). 

232.  ANTROSTOMUS  VOCIFERUS  (Wilson)  Bonaparte. 
Whip-poor-will. 

Caprimulgus  vociferus  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1812,  vol.  5,  p.  71, 
pi.  41,  fig.  1-3.  "KENTUCKY."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840, 
vol.  1,  p.  155,  pi.  42.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  figs.  10,  11. 

Woods  and  thickets,  active  at  night;    nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.     April  28-Sept.  21. 


AVES.  123 

MACROCHIRES.  CAPRIMULGI. 

CAPRIMULGIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys. 
May  6-Sept.  26. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations.  May  5- 
Sept.  16.  Eggs,  May  24-31. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  22)  April  30-Sept. 
25.  Eggs,  May  18-June  9. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  April  25-fall.  Eggs,  May 
25-June  8. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  Late  April-Sept.  (Nov.  1, 
1880,  Noank).  Eggs,  May  20- June  5  (July  4). 

233.     CHORDEILES  VIRGINIANUS  (Gmelin)  Swainson. 

Nighthawk;    Bull-bat;    Mosquito  hawk;    Pork-and-beans. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1,  p.  159,  pi.  43.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  2,  fig.  1-3. 

Caprimulgus  virginianus  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2, 
p.  1028.  "IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI,  PRAESERTIM  VIRGINIA." 

Woods,  thickets,  or  in  cities  and  open  country;  nests  on  the 
ground  or  on  flat  gravelled  roofs;  largely  nocturnal. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  11,  East 
Hebron;  April  22)  May  3-Sept.  14.  Eggs,  June  26-July  4. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  at  lower  altitudes  a  less  common 
summer  resident.  (April  17)  May  9-Sept.  15.  Eggs,  June  10. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     May-Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident. 
(April  23)  May  9-Oct.  6.  Eggs,  June  5-15. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  (mainly  inland),  and  summer  resident. 
(April  7)  May-Sept.  (Oct.)  Eggs,  June  5-8. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
May  11-Oct.  Eggs,  June  3-23. 


124  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

MACROCHIRES.  CYPSELI. 

MICROPODIDAE. 

234.  CHAETURA  PELAGICA  (Linne")  Stephens. 
Chimney  swift;   Chimney-bird;   Chimney  swallow. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  239;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  28.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  fig.  25. 

Hirundo  pelagica  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  192. 
"AMERICA." 

Lives  largely  on  the  wing;  rests  and  nests  in  hollow  trees,  chim- 
neys, or  barns. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  April  26-Sept.  11.  Eggs, 
June  15-July  10. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident.      April  27-Sept.  7  (Oct.  1). 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  1-Sept.  __.__ 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  18)  April  25-Sept. 
25  (Oct.  12,  1907,  Sharon).  Eggs,  June  10-30. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  April  26-Sept.  17.  Eggs, 
June  10- July  1. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  14)  April  21-Sept. 
27.  Eggs,  June  24. 

TROCHILI. 
TROCHILIDAE. 

235.  TROCHILUS  COLUBRIS  Linne". 
Ruby-throated  hummingbird. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  120.  "IN  AMERICA, 
IMPRIMIS  SEPTENTRIONALI."  DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844,  vol. 
21,  p.  46,  pi.  40,  fig.  87.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  fig. 
27. 

Open  country,  haunting  flower  growths;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  6-Sept.  26  (Oct.  1). 
N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident  at 
lower  elevations.     May  13-Sept.  25.     Eggs,  June  29-July  15. 
VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.     May  15-Sept. 


AVES.  125 

MACROCHIRES.  TROCHILL 

TROCHILIDAE. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident, 
(May  1)  May  6-Sept.  23  (Oct.  15).  Eggs,  May  24-June  15. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  (May  3)  May  6-Sept.  23. 
Eggs,  May  20-July  4. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  5-Oct.  5  (Oct.  16). 
Eggs,  May  27- June  3  (Aug.  4). 

PASSERES.  CLAMATORES. 

TYRANNIDAE. 

236.  MUSCIVORA  FORFICATA  (Gmelin)  Oberholser. 
Scissor-tailed  flycatcher. 

Muscicapa  forficata  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  931. 
"IN  NOVA  HISPANIA."  Bonaparte,  Amer.  ornith.,  1825,  vol.  1,  p. 
15,  pi.  2,  fig.  1.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  figs.  12,  13. 

Open  tree-grown  country;   nests  in  trees. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  St.  Johnsbury,  ?  1884. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:   Wauregan,  about  April  27,  1876. 

237.  TYRANNUS  TYRANNUS  (Linne)  Jordan. 
Kingbird. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  243;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  30.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  figs.  14,  15. 

Lanius  tyrannus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  94. 
"  IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Orchards  and  tree  growth  along  streams  and  lakes;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  3-Sept.  12  (Sept.  25). 
Eggs,  June  15. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  north  to  the  White  Mt. 
valleys.  May  3-Sept.  1 1 . 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  5-Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  27)  May  3-Sept.  19 
(Sept.  26).  Eggs,  May  30-July  4  (July  17). 


126  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  CLAMATORES. 

TYRANNIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  1-Sept.  12  (Sept.  28). 
Eggs,  May  31- June  17. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  13,  26)  May  1- 
Sept.  15. 

238.  TYRANNUS  DOMINICENSIS  (Gmelin)  Richardson. 
Gray  kingbird. 

Lanius  tyrannus  /?.  dominicensis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1, 

pt.  1,  p.  302.      "iNSULA  S.  DOMINICI  ET  JAMAICA." 

Muscicapa  dominicensis  Brisson.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1840,  vol.  1,  p.  201,  pi.  55.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  2,  figs. 
3,4. 

Tree  growth  along  seacoasts  and  large  streams;  nests  in  low  trees. 

MASS.— Accidental  visitor:  Lynn,  Oct.  23,  1869. 

239.  TYRANNUS  VERTICALIS  Say. 
Arkansas  kingbird. 

Say,  Long's  Exped.  to  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  vol.  2,  p.  60.  On  the 
"ARKANSA"  River. 

Muscicapa  verticalis  (Say).  Bonaparte,  Amer.  ornith.,  1825, 
vol.  1,  p.  18,  pi.  2,  fig.  2.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  figs.  16,  17. 

Open  country,  usually  near  water;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Eliot,  Oct.,  ?  1864. 

240.  MYIARCHUS  CRINITUS  (Linne")  Lichtenstein. 
Crested  flycatcher;   Great  crested  flycatcher. 

Muscicapa  crinita  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  325. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840, 
vol.  1,  p.  209,  pi.  57.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  2,  figs.  8,  9. 

Open  woods;  nests  in  hollow  limbs. 


AVES.  127 

PASSERES.  CLAMATORES. 

TYRANNIDAE. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  mainly  in  southern  part. 
May  8-Sept.  20.  Eggs,  June  11-25. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys. 
May  13-Sept.  Eggs,  early  June-July  7. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  8-Sept. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  (May  1)  May  9-Sept.  26 
(Oct.  15).  Eggs,  June  13-27. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  May  2-Aug.  23.  Eggs, 
June  5,  6. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  4-Sept.  17.  Eggs, 
May  27-June  13. 

241.     SAYORNIS  PHOEBE  (Latham)  Stejneger. 

Phoebe;  Barn,  Bridge,  or  House  pe wee;  Bridge-bird;  Pewit. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1907,  pt.  4,  p.  594.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1,  fig.  28. 

Muscicapa  phoebe  Lath.,  Index  ornith.,  1790,  vol.  2,  p.  489. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI,  NOVEBORACO." 

Muscicapa  fusca  Bonap.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1834,  vol. 
2,  p.  122,  pi.  120. 

Borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  or  about  buildings;  nests  under 
bridges  or  culverts,  or  on  projections  of  buildings  or  ledges. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  Mar.  22-Oct.  19  (Nov.  24, 
1884,  Brewer).  Eggs,  May  7-June  24. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations.  Mar. 
22-Oct.  17.  Eggs,  June  7-July. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     Mar.  22-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (Feb.  20)  Mar.  12-Oct. 
26  (Nov.  15).  Eggs,  April  27-May  10;  June  13-July  3  (2d  brood) ; 
Aug.  15  (?  3d  brood). 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  Mar.  8-Oct.  27.  Eggs, 
May  7-12. 


128  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  CLAMATORES. 

TYRANNIDAE. 

CONN.-; —  Common  summer  and  rare  or  accidental  winter  resi- 
dent (New  Haven,  Dec.  21,  1906-Mar.  10,  1907;  Dec.  25,  1907). 
(Feb.  25)  Mar.  11-Oct.  30  (winter).  Eggs,  May  12- June  11;  July 
10. 

242.  SAYORNIS  SAYA  (Bonaparte)  Baird. 
Say's  phoebe. 

Muscicapa  say  a  Bonap.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1825,  vol.  1,  p.  20,  pi.  2, 
fig.  3.  "NEAR  THE  ARKANSAW  RIVER,  ABOUT  TWENTY  MILES 
FROM  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS."  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  1, 
fig.  29. 

Open  country;  nests  under  bridges,  projections  of  buildings  and 
ledges. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  North  Truro,  Sept.  30,  1889. 

243.  NUTTALLORNIS  BOREALis  (Swainson)  Oberholser. 
Olive-sided  flycatcher;   Three-deer. 

Tyrannus  borealis  Swains.,  in  Swains,  and  Richardson,  Fauna 
Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  141,  pi.  35.  "CUMBERLAND  HOUSE, 
LAT.  54.°  "  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  2,  figs.  15, 16. 

Mixed  and  coniferous  woods;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  south  to  Cape  Elizabeth. 
May  7-Sept.  15.  Eggs,  June  17-23. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.     May  18-Sept.  14. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  mainly  of  mountainous 
regions.  May  10-fall.  Eggs,  June  10-16. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  western  part,  rare  and 
local  in  the  east.  May  10-Sept.  10.  Eggs,  June  16-July. 

R.  I.—  Rare  migrant.     May  14-24;    ?  fall. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant ;  may  breed  in  northwestern  part.  Spring; 
Aug.  5-Oct.  18. 


AVES.  129 

PASSERES.  CL  AM  ATORES . 

TYRANNIDAE. 

244.  MYIOCHANES  VIRENS  (Linne")  Ridgway. 
Wood  pewee;   Dead-limb  bird. 

Muscicapa  virens  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  327. 
"IN  CAROLINA  AD  RIPAS."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
pi.  64. 

Contopus  virens  (Linne").  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  247.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  2,  figs.  18,  19. 

Woods  and  shade  trees;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  12-Sept.  27.  Eggs, 
June  20. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations.  May 
17-Sept.  17.  Eggs,  June  9-16. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  19-Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (May  10)  May  12-Sept. 
26  (Oct.  1).  Eggs,  June  10- July  10. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  12-Sept.  24.  Eggs, 
June  15-30. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  10-Sept. 

245.  EMPIDONAX  FLAVIVENTRIS  (Baird)  Baird. 
Yellow-bellied  flycatcher. 

Tyrannula  flaviventris  Baird,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1843, 
vol.  1,  p.  283.  "NEAR  CARLISLE,  PENNSYLVANIA/' 

Muscicapa  flaviventris  (Baird).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1844,  vol.  7,  p.  341,  pi.  490.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  2,  fig.  23. 

Damp  evergreen  thickets;  nests  among  tree  roots. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  northern  part.  May  21- 
June  1 ;  summer-Sept.  8.  Eggs,  June  14-27. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  above  3000  ft.  from  White 
Mts.  north;  local  south  to  Dublin.  May  18-Aug.  (?  Sept.).  Eggs, 
June  14. 


130  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  CLAMATORES. 

TYRANNIDAE. 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations 
south  to  Londonderry.  May  16-summer. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  possible  summer  resident  on  Mt. 
Greylock  (June  15,  1907).  (May  10)  May  15- June  10  (June 
15);  Aug.  25-Sept.  10  (Nov.  29,  1876,  Reading;  Dec.  1,  1876, 
Newton). 

R.  I.—  Rare  migrant.     May  21 ;   ( ?  July  27)  Aug.  7. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  20-early  June;    Sept.  17. 

246.  EMPIDOXAX  VIRESCENS  (Vieillot)  Brewster. 
Green-crested  flycatcher;   Acadian  flycatcher. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  249.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  2,  figs.  26,  27. 

Platyrhynchos  virescens  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1818, 
vol.  27,  p.  22.  No  locality,  based  on  Wilson. 

Muscicapa  acadica  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840, 
vol.  1,  p.  221,  pi.  62. 

Deep  woods  near  water;  nests,  pensile,  in  low  trees. 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident :  Bennington  (nest  with  young, 
July  14,  1904);  various  doubtful  records. 

MASS. —  Very  rare  summer  resident  (Hyde  Park,  1888;  nee 
Springfield). 

CONN. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  (Greenwich,  Stamford, 
Suffield).  Eggs,  June  2-22. 

247.  EMPIDONAX  TRAILLII  ALNORUM  Brewster. 
Alder  flycatcher;   Traill's  flycatcher. 

Brewst.,  Auk,  1895,  vol.  12,  p.  161.  "UPTON,  MAINE."  Bird- 
lore,  1908,  vol.  10,  plate  in  no.  3,  figs.  2,  3.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895, 
vol.  2,  pi.  2,  fig.  30. 

Alder  swamps;  nests  in  low  bushes. 

ME. —  Common  local  summer  resident.  (May  15)  May  18— 
Sept.  5.  Eggs,  June  21. 


AVES.  131 

PASSERES.  CLAMATORES. 

TYRANNIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Local  summer  resident  below  2000  ft.;  uncommon 
south  of  White  Mts.  (May  11,  16)  May  20-Aug.  31.  Eggs, 
June  22-July  8. 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  (May  17)  May  21- 
Sept.  Eggs,  June  13-July  30. 

MASS. —  Local  summer  resident,  rare  in  eastern  part  (Essex 
and  Middlesex  Cos.),  commoner  in  western.  May  16- June  6; 
summer-Aug.  24.  Eggs,  June  15-July  3. 

CONN. —  Local  summer  resident  (Norfolk).     (May  6). 

248.     EMPIDONAX  MINIMUS  (Baird)  Baird. 
Least  flycatcher;   Chebec. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1907,  pt.  4,  p.  561.  Bird- 
lore,  1908,  vol.  10,  plate  in  no.  3,  fig.  1.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2, 
pi.  2,  fig.  31. 

Tyrannula  minima  Baird,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1843,  p. 
284.  "NEAR  CARLISLE,  PENNSYLVANIA." 

Orchards,  shade  trees,  and  borders  of  woods;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  21)  April. 27- Aug.  31 
(Sept.  5).  Eggs,  June  11. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  below  2000  ft.  April  29- 
Sept.  Eggs,  May- June  10;  July  10-late  July  (2d  brood). 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident  of  low  country.  April  29- 
Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  22)  April  28-Sept. 
21  (Oct.  2).  Eggs,  May  20- July  1  (2  broods). 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  22)  April  27-fall. 
Eggs,  May  24-June  2. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.     April  26-Sept. 


132  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ALAUDIDAE. 

249.  OTOCORIS  ALPESTRIS  (Linne")  Bonaparte. 
Horned  lark;  Shore  lark. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1907,  pt.  4,  p.  303;  Chap- 
man, Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  34.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  259,  pi.  58, 
fig.  15. 

Alauda  alpestris  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  166. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Seashores  and  open  fields;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  chiefly 
coastwise.  (Sept.  25,  Milo,  Me.)  Oct.  18-April  (May  1-7,  Monson, 

Me.). 

VT. —  Common  migrant.     Feb.-Mar.;    (Sept.  15)-Nov. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  winter  resident,  mainly 
coastwise.  (Sept.  27)  Oct.  17- April  19  (May  27). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident.  (Sept.  25)- 
April  15. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  mainly  coast- 
wise. Nov.  18-Mar.  26. 

250.  OTOCORIS  ALPESTRIS  PRATICOLA  Henshaw. 
Prairie  horned  lark. 

Hensh.,  Auk,  1884,  vol.  1,  p.  264.  "RICHLAND  .Co.,  ILL.," 
but  type  locality  "DENVER,  COLORADO"  (see  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat. 
mus.,  1907,  pt.  4,  p.  311,  foot  note).  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2, 
pi.  5,  fig.  25. 

Eremophila  cornuta  (Wils.).  Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  Hist. 
No.  Amer.  birds,  1874,  vol.  2,  pi.  32,  fig.  2  (head  of  young). 

Open  fields;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident ;  casual  in 
winter.  Feb.  10-Mar.  30;  summer-No\.  26  (Jan.  24,  1899, 
Pittsfield).  Eggs,  May  12-31. 


AVES.  133 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ALAUDIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant,  and  in  White  Mt.  valleys  ( ?  and 
summit  of  Mt.  Washington,  1905)  a  rare  summer  resident.  Feb. 
28- Aug.  Eggs  and  young,  May  21,  June  22. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident  (at  Burling- 
ton, Cornwall,  Mt.  Mansfield,  Rygate,  St.  Albans,  Stowe).  Feb.- 
fall.  Eggs,  Mar.-April  19. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident,  occasional  winter 
resident  (Longmeadow).  Feb.  19-Mar.  22;  summer;  Oct.  26- 
Dec.  15  (winter).  Eggs,  July  10. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant:  Pawtuxet,  Nov.  25,  1889. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  (Danbury, 
1908,  Litchfield,  1905,  Washington,  1906);  "occasional  in  winter." 
Eggs,  Mar.  25. 

251.  OTOCORIS  ALPESTRIS  HOYTI  Bishop. 
Hoyt's  horned  lark. 

Bishop,  Auk,  1896,  vol.  13,  p.  130.  "CANDO,  TOWNER  COUNTY, 
NORTH  DAKOTA." 

Open  country  and  coasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant  and  ( ?)  winter  resident :  Guiiford,  Mar . 
7,  1903;  West  Haven,  Jan.  24,  1905  (Bishop). 

CORVIDAE. 

252.  CYANOCITTA  CRISTATA  (Linne")  Strickland. 
Blue  jay;   Corn-bird. 

Corvus  cristatus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  106. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Garrulus  cristatus  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  4,  p.  110,  pi.  231.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  5,  figs.  5,  6. 

Woodlands;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  resident.     Eggs,  May-June  4. 


134  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

CORVIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident ;  less  common 
in  winter  south  of  the  White  Mts. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  resident.     Eggs,  May  11. 
MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  resident.    Eggs,  April  28-June  15. 
R.  I. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  May  2-22. 
CONN. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  May  5-June  13. 

253.  PERISOREUS  CANADENSIS  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 

Canada  jay;  Camp  robber;  Caribou-bird;  Gray  jay;  Grease- 
bird;  Meat-bird;  Meat  hawk;  Moose-bird;  Venison  hawk; 
Whiskey-Jack;  Whiskey-John;  Wiss-ka-chon  (Indian). 

Corvus  canadensis  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  158, 
"CANADA." 

Garrulus  canadensis  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  4,  p.  121,  pi.  234.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  3,  figs.  18,  19. 

Fir  and  spruce  forests;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  resident  in  northern  part,  south  to  Umbagog; 
elsewhere  casual.  Eggs,  Mar.  16-28. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident  above  3000  ft.  on  Sandwich  Range 
north;  elsewhere  casual. 

VT. —  Uncommon  resident  in  northern  part  and  on  high  peaks 
(Mt.  Mansfield);  elsewhere  casual  (Somerset,  Aug.  5,  1896). 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Lexington  (nee  Arlington  Heights), 
Oct.  16,  1889;  Newton ville,  early  summer,  1875;  Salem,  Oct.  25, 
1878. 

254.  CORVUS  CORAX  PRINCIPALIS  Ridgway. 
Northern  raven. 

Ridgw.,  Manual  No.  Amer.  birds,  1887,  p.  361.  "  NORTHERN 
NORTH  AMERICA,  FROM  GREENLAND  TO  ALASKA,  SOUTH  TO  BRITISH 
COLUMBIA,  CANADA,  NEW  BRUNSWICK." 


AVES.  135 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

CORVIDAE. 

Corvus  corax  Linne".  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1843,  vol.  4, 
p.  78,  pi.  224.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  4,  fig.  3. 

Vicinity  of  seacoasts  and  large  rivers;  nests  on  cliffs  or  rarely  in 
trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  resident,  mainly  coastwise.     Eggs,  April  14. 
N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor  (in  winter?). 
VT. —  Very  rare  visitor  in  northern  part:  Brandon,  1879. 
MASS. —  Accidental   visitor,   no   recent   records   (Williamstown, 
before  1877). 
CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:   South  Manchester,  Sept.  18,  1890. 

255.     CORVUS  BRACHYRYNCHOS  C.  L.  Brehm. 
American  crow. 

C.  L.  Brehm,  Beitr.  z.  vogelkunde,  1822,  vol.  2,  p.  56.  AMER- 
ICA. 

Corvus  americanus  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p. 
87,  pi.  225.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  4,  fig.  8-12;  pi.  5,  figs. 
21,  22. 

Ubiquitous,  though  avoiding  dense  forests  in  the  breeding  season; 
nests  in  coniferous  trees. 

ME. —  Common  resident,  in  winter  chiefly  confined  to  coast. 
Eggs,  April  20-May  25  (June  15). 

N.  H. — Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  in  winter  less 
common  near  coast  and  large  rivers,  rare  elsewhere.  Eggs,  April 
17. 

VT. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  April  22. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  common 
winter  resident  near  coast,  but  less  so  inland.  Eggs,  April  15- June 
13. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  summer  and  winter  resident.  Eggs, 
April  12-23. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  summer  and  winter  resident.  Eggs, 
April  12-May  9. 


136  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES 

CORVIDAE. 

256.  CORVUS  OSSIFRAGUS  Wilson. 
Fish  crow. 

Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1812,  vol.  5,  p.  27,  pi.  37,  fig.  2.  "NEW 
JERSEY  ....  NEAR  ....  PHILADELPHIA/'  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol. 
2,  pi.  4,  figs.  16,  17. 

Seaboard  and  near  large  streams;  nests  in  trees. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor  in  southern  part  (Cambridge,  Springfield, 
Wareham).  Mar.  16- July  16. 

CONN. —  Rare  summer  resident  (Bridgeport,  Fairfield,  near 
New  London,  New  Haven,  Stratford).  Mar.-Nov.  10.  Eggs, 
May  12-16. 

STURNIDAE. 

257.  STURNUS  VULGARIS  Linne. 
Starling. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10, 1758,  vol.  1,  p.  167.  "EuROPA,  AFRICA." 
Coues,  Key  to  No.  Amer.  birds,  ed.  5,  1903,  vol.  1,  p.  503,  frontis- 
piece. Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  230,  pi.  54,  fig.  13. 

Open  country  and  fields;  nests  in  holes  of  buildings,  trees,  or 
cliffs. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Calais,  May  4,  1889. 

MASS. —  Introduced  at  Springfield  in  1897  but  all  disappeared; 
also  straggler:  Agawam,  April,  1908;  Pittsfield,  Oct.  1,  1899. 

CONN. —  Local  resident;  apparently  spreading  from  New  York 
colony  (New  Haven,  Dec.  3,  1900;  Stamford,  1900;  Norwalk, 
1900;  Weathersfield  and  Stonington,  1906;  Bethel,  1907;  New 
London,  1907).  Eggs,  April. 


AVES.  137 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ICTERIDAE. 

258.  DOLICHONYX  ORYZIVOEUS  (Linne*)  Swainson. 

Bobolink;    Butter-bird;    May-bird;    Meadow- wink;    Reed-bird; 
Rice-bird;  Skunk  blackbird. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  261;  Auk, 
1893,  vol.  10,  pi.  7.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  6,  figs.  1,  2. 

Fringilla  oryzivora  Linne",  Syst.  nat,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  179. 
"IN  CUBA,.  . .  .FEMINAE  SOLAE  DESCENDUNT  IN  CAROLINAM." 

Grassy  meadows;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  May  1— 
Sept.  15.  Eggs,  June  6-15. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. May  1-Sept.  23. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     Eggs,  June  1. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  27) 
May  1-Sept.  29.  Eggs,  June  1-8. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  10-Sept. 
25.  Eggs,  May  30-June  3. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  7-Sept. 
5.  Eggs,  June  5. 

259.  MOLOTHRUS  ATER  (Boddaert)  Gray. 

Cowbird;    Clodhopper;    Cow  blackbird;    Cow  bunting;    Lazy- 
bird;   Shiney-eye. 

Oriolus  ater  Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist.  nat.,  1783, 
p.  37.  Description  in  Buffon:  "AMERIQUE." 

Molothrus  pecoris  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  4,  p.  16,  pi.  212.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  6,  figs.  3-4. 

Open  country;  lays  eggs  in  nests  of  other  small  birds. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar.  19-Oct. 
13  (Dec.  27) .  Eggs,  May  26- June  2. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  southern  part;  rare 
winter  resident.  Mar.  25-Oct.  2  (winter).  Eggs,  June  1. 


138  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ICTERIDAE. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident ;  very  rare  in  winter.  March 
23-(Dec.  30). 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident; 
occasional  in  winter.  (Mar.  1)  Mar.  11-Nov.  21;  winter.  Eggs, 
May  15-June  15  (July  1). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident ;  rare  in  winter. 
Mar.  14-Nov.  3  (Jan.  19).  Eggs,  May  16- June  2. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident.  Mar.-Nov.  4;  winter.  Eggs,  May  9- June  14. 

260.  XANTHOCEPHALUS  XANTHOCEPHALUS   (Bonaparte)   Jordan. 
Yellow-headed  blackbird. 

Icterus  xanthocephalus  Bonap.,  Journ.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila., 
1826,  vol.  5,  p.  223.  Founded  on  Say:  "ENGINEER  CANTON- 
MENT," Iowa. 

Icterus  icterocephalus  (Linne).  Bonap.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1825, 
vol.  1,  p.  27,  pi.  3,  figs.  1,  2.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  6, 
fig.  10-12. 

Open  prairies,  marshes,  and  sloughs;  nests  among  reeds. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Spruce  Head,  Metnic  Id.,  Aug.  17, 
1882. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Eastham,  two,  Sept.  10,  1877; 
Monomoy  Id.,  Sept.  8,  1897;  Watertown,  Oct.  15,  1869. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  Hartford,  late  July,  1884;  New 
Haven,  June,  1878;  Stamford,  July,  1888. 

261.  AGELAIUS  PHOENICEUS  (Linne)  Vieillot. 

Red-winged  blackbird;    Fire-wing;    Marsh  blackbird;    Quonk- 
a-ree;   Redwing;   Swamp  blackbird. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  31,  pi.  216.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  6,  fig.  13-15. 

Oriolus  phoeniceus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  161. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 


AVES.  139 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ICTERIDAE. 

Open  country,  swamps,  and  marshes;  nests  in  marsh  grass  or 
in  bushes  near  water. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  Mar.  13- 
Oct.  13  (Nov.  9).  Eggs,  June  1-July  1. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident  in  valleys; 
accidental  in  winter  (Warren).  Mar.  3-Nov.  11  (winter). 

VT. —  Common   migrant  and  summer  resident.     Mar.   2-Oct. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  wintering  rarely 
in  south  and  east.  (Feb.  26)  Mar.  6-Oct.  20  (Nov.  28)  (winter). 
Eggs,  May  10-June  18. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  casual  in  winter. 
Mar.  7-Oct.  19  (Dec.  15,  Feb.  10-13).  Eggs,  May  12-June  16. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident.  Mar.  4-Oct.  (winter).  Eggs,  May  30- June  6. 

262.  AGELAIUS  PHOENICEUS  FORTIS  Ridgway. 
Thick-billed  redwing;   Northern  redwing. 

Ridgway,  Proc.  Washington  acad.  sci.,  1901,  vol.  3,  p.  153. 
"  OMAHA,  NEBRASKA." 

Marshes  and  open  country;  nests  among  reeds  or  bushes. 

CONN. —  Rare  fall  migrant  and  winter  resident :  North  Haven, 
Nov.  11,  1903,  Dec.  25,  1901,  Jan.  10,  1902  (Bishop). 

263.  STURNELLA  MAGNA  (Linne)  Swainson. 
Meadowlark;   Marsh  quail;   Old-field  lark. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  265;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  39.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  6,  figs.  20,  21. 

Alauda  magna  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  167. 
"IN  AMERICA,  AFRICA/' 

Open  fields  and  marshes ;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare   migrant  and  local  summer  resident  in  southern 


140  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ICTERIDAE. 

counties  (Rangeley,  April  21,  1897);  rare  in  winter  (Calais,  Jan., 
1899;  Cape  Elizabeth;  Westbrook,  Jan.  16,  18,  1904).  Mar.  15- 
Nov.  19  (winter).  Eggs,  June-(July  22). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys; 
rare  winter  resident  on  coast.  Mar.  26-Oct.  12  (winter). 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident;  rare  winter  resident 
(L.  Champlain,  Middlebury,  Pawlet,  St.  Albans,  West  Rutland). 
April  2-Nov.  15  (winter). 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident,  and  near  the  coast  an  un- 
common winter  resident.  Mar.  2-Nov.;  winter.  Eggs,  May  11- 
June  28. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident,  and  in  coastal  marshes  a 
common  winter  resident.  Eggs,  May  6-30. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident  and  less  common  winter 
resident  coastwise.  Eggs,  June  6. 

264.     ICTERUS  SPURITJS  (Linn 6)  Bonaparte. 
Orchard  oriole. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  266;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  36.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  7,  fig.  3-5. 

Oriolus  spurius  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  162. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Shade  trees  and  orchards;  nests  pensile  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  near  Auburn;  near  Calais;  Thomas- 
ton. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Rollinsford. 

VT. —  Very  rare  summer  resident :  Bennington ;  Brattleboro 
(with  young);  Middlebury,  June  1,  1883. 

MASS. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  near  coast  (to  Ipswich) 
and  in  western  valleys.  (May  1)  May  8- Aug.  15.  Eggs,  May  28- 
June  25. 

R.  I. —  Rare  summer  resident.  May  14- July.  Eggs,  May  30- 
June  3. 


AVES.  141 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ICTERIDAE. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  4-Aug.  Eggs,  June 
11-14  (Aug.). 

265.  ICTERUS  GALBULA  (Linne*)  Coues. 

Baltimore    oriole;     Fire-bird;     Golden  oriole;     Golden  robin; 
Hang-bird;   Hang-nest;   Pea-bird. 

Coracias  galbula  Linne,  Syst.  nat,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  108. 
"IN  AMERICA." 

Icterus  baltimore  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol. 
4,  p.  37,  pi.  217.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  7,  fig.  6-9. 

Orchards  and  shade  trees;  nest  pensile  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident  mainly  in  southern  counties. 
May  9-Aug.  30  (Sept.  10). 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations.  May  6- 
Sept.  6  (Sept.  20). 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident;  accidental  in  winter.  May 
10-Sept.  (Dec.  4,  1884). 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident ;  accidental  in  winter.  (April 
29)  May  1-Sept.  9  (Nov.  15,  1885,  E.  Templeton;  Nov.  18,  1888, 
Hyde  Park) .  Eggs,  May  24- July  4. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  4-Sept.  1.  Eggs, 
May  24-28. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  1-early  Sept.  (Nov. 
15,  1885,  Portland).  Eggs,  June  6. 

266.  ICTERUS  BULLOCKI  (Swainson)  Bonaparte. 
Bullock's  oriole  or  troupial. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  43,  pi.  218.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  7,  fig.  10-13. 

Xanthornus  bullockii  Swains.,  Phil,  mag.,  1827,  new  ser.,  vol.  1, 
p.  436.  "TABLE  LAND.  . .  .IN  MEXICO." 

Open  country  along  streams;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Sorrento,  about  middle  of  Nov.,  1889. 


142  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ICTERIDAE. 

267.  EUPHAGUS  CAROLINUS  (Mliller)  Richmond. 
Rusty  blackbird;   Rusty  grackle. 

Turdus  carolinus  Mull.,  Linne's  Vollstand.  natursyst.,  suppl., 
1776,  p.  140.  "CAROLINA." 

Quiscalus  ferrugineus  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  4,  p.  65,  pi.  222.  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  7,  fig.  14-16. 

Swamps,  marshes,  and  wet  woods ;  nests  in  bushes  and  low  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  rare  summer 
resident;  accidental  winter  resident  (Calais,  1899).  Mar.  17- 
May;  summer-Oct.  29  (winter). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northeast  part,  a  rare  summer 
resident  (Megalloway  R.).  Mar.  8— May;  summer;  Sept.  9- 
Oct.  16. 

VT. —  Common  migrant. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  accidental  in  winter  (Brookline,  Feb. 
8,  1879;  Concord,  Jan.  22,  1905;  Fresh  Pond,  Feb.  20,  1887; 
Jamaica  Plain,  winter  1907-8).  Mar.  7-May  18  (May  30);  Sept. 
12-Nov.  27  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     Mar.  13-(?  June  5);  Sept.-Oct.  23. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  and  rare  winter  resident.  Mar.- 
April  19;  Sept.  11-Nov.  (Jan.  16,  29,  Feb.  6,  Milford;  Dec.  25, 
1908,  New  Haven). 

268.  QUISCALUS  QUISCULA  (Linne)  Jordan. 
Purple  grackle;   Crow  blackbird. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  269.  Egg, 
Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  7,  fig.  21-23. 

Gracula  quiscula  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  109. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Quiscaliis  versicolor  Vieill.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  4,  p.  58,  pi.  221. 


AVES.  143 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

ICTERIDAE. 

Open  country,  groves,  fields;  nests  in  branches  of  coniferous 
trees,  rarely  in  cavities  or  bushes. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:   Tilton,  Sept.  13,  1902. 

VT. —  ?  Summer  resident  (Perkins). 

MASS. —  Occasional  typical  birds  breed  in  southernmost  part  and 
coastwise  to  Cambridge. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident  in  southern  part,  where  most 
birds  are  typical;  casual  in  winter.  Mar.  6-Sept.  21  (Nov.,  Dec. 
31).  Eggs,  April  25-June  6. 

CONN.—  Common  summer  and  accidental  winter  resident.  (Feb. 
13)  Mar.  1-Nov.  (winter,  East  Haven). 

269.     QUISCALUS  QUISCULA  AENEUS  (Ridgway)  Stejneger. 

Bronzed  grackle;   Crow  blackbird. 
Quiscalus  aeneus  Ridgw.,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1869,  p. 

134.       "MISSISSIPPI  REGION  OF  U.  S.,  EAST  TO  ALLEGHANY  MTS." 

etc.     Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  7,  figs.  26,  27. 

Open  country,  frequenting  clumps  of  coniferous  trees  in  breeding 
season;  nests  in  branches  of  trees,  or  less  often  in  cavities  or  bushes. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  Mar.  19- 
Oct.  26.  Eggs,  May  27-June  21. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident;  casual  in  winter. 
Mar.  12-Nov.  (Dec.  24,  1907,  Lancaster;  Jan.). 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.     April  11-Oct. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident;  rare  in 
winter  near  coast  (also  Springfield).  (Feb.  23,  1909,  Boston)  Mar. 
10-Nov.  22  (winter).  Eggs,  May  2- June  1. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  in  the  northern  part  a  less  common 
summer  resident,  intergrading  with  Q.  quiscula.  Mar.  5-Nov.  1. 
Eggs,  May  1-17. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     Mar.  5- April;  Oct.-Nov. 


144  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

270.  HESPERIPHONA  VESPERTINA  (W.  Cooper)  Bonaparte. 
Evening  grosbeak;   Sugar-bird. 

Fringilla  vespertina  Coop.,  Ann.  lye.  nat.  hist.  New  York,  1825, 
vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  220.  "SAULT  STE.  MARIE,  NEAR  LAKE  SUPERIOR." 

Coccothraustes  vespertinus  (Coop.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds 
east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  279;  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  p.  217,  pi.  207. 

Wooded  districts;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  several  records  in  winter  of  1889-90, 
Jan.  10-Mar.  18;  Woodfords,  Mar.  6,  1909. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  several  records  in  winter  of  1889-90, 
Jan.  fr-May  1. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  Burlington,  about  Feb.  20,  1890;  Rut- 
land, Feb.  1909. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor,  first  recorded  in  the  1890  flight  (Jan. 
1-April);  also  Wellfleet,  one,  Dec.  5,  1903;  Beverly,  flock  of  five, 
Mar.  23,  1904;  So.  Sudbury,  Feb.  14,  1909;  Townsend,  Feb.  7, 
1909;  Williamstown,  Jan.  26,  1909. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor,  first  recorded  in  1890  flight  (East 
Hampton,  Mar.  2;  Gaylordsville,  Mar.  10;  Portland,  Feb.,  Mar.); 
also  Litchfield,  ?  Feb.  1,  1905,  and  Feb.  11,  1905;  Bristol,  Feb.  27, 
1907. 

271.  PINICOLA  ENUCLEATOR  LEUCURA  (Muller)  Richmond. 
Pine  grosbeak;  Canadian  pine  grosbeak;  Mope. 

Loxia  leucura  Muller,  Linne*'s  Vollstand.  natursyst.,  suppl.,  1776, 
p.  150.  "  CANADA." 

Pinicola  enucleator  canadensis  (Cab.).  Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U. 
S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  60. 

Pyrrhula  enucleator  Temm.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1838, 
vol.  4,  p.  414,  pi.  358.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  fig.  13. 


AVES.  145 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

Spruce  and  fir  forests;  nests  in  trees. 

ME.-—  Fall  and  winter  visitor  of  varying  abundance,  and  in 
northern  forests  a  rare  resident.  Oct.  25- April  18;  summer.  Eggs, 
May  14-27. 

N.  H. —  Fall  and  winter  visitor  of  varying  abundance,  and  un- 
common summer  resident  above  3000  ft.  in  White  Mts.,  north. 
Oct.  18- April  20;  summer. 

VT. —  Winter  visitor  of  varying  abundance.     Nov.  15-Mar.  24. 

MASS. —  Irregular  winter  visitor  of  varying  abundance.  Oct. 
24-April4(April24). 

R.  I. —  Irregular  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common. 

CONN. —  Irregular  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common.  Nov.  24— 
Mar.  31. 

272.     CARPODACUS  PURPUREUS  (Gmelin)  Gray. 
Purple  finch;   Red  linnet. 

Fringilla  purpurea  Gmelin,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  923» 
"CAROLINA." 

Erythrospiza  purpurea  (Gmel.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1841,  vol.  3,  p.  170,  pi.  196.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  figs.  14,  15. 

Orchards,  shade  trees,  and  forests;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident  (Rangeley  Lakes,  Jan.  15,  1884).  Mar.  21-Oct.  (winter). 
Eggs,  June  4. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  below  3000  ft. ;  rare  in 
winter.  April  15-Dec.  22;  winter. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer,  and  occasional 
winter  resident.  Mar.  8-Oct.  21;  winter.  Eggs,  May  25-June 
19  (!  Sept.  10). 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  and  uncommon  winter  resident.  April 
7-Oct.;  winter.  Eggs,  May  19-June  8. 


146  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  and  uncommon  winter  resident. 
Eggs,  June;  July  22  (2d  brood). 

273.  LOXIA  CURVIROSTRA  MINOR  (Brehm)  Ridgway. 
American  crossbill;   Red  crossbill;  Screwbill. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  47. 
Crucirostra  minor  Brehm,   Naumannia,    1853,   p.    193.     "DER 

NORDAMERIKANISCHEN  FREISTAATEN." 

Loxia  curvirostrata  Linne.     Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1835,  vol. 
2,  p.  559,  pi.  197.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  8,  figs.  1,  2. 
Coniferous  forests ;  nests  in  trees. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Resident,  nomadic  and  irregularly  abundant. 
Nests  from  Jan  .-Oct. 

VT. —  Irregular  at  all  seasons,  but  commonest  in  winter;  breeds 
occasionally.  Eggs,  Feb.,  Mar. 

MASS. —  Irregularly  common  winter  visitor,  and  occasional  at 
fall  seasons;  nests  rarely  (Framingham,  1884;  Highland  Light, 
April,  1889;  Tyngsborough,  Aug.,  1875). 

R.  I. —  Irregularly  common  winter  visitor,  and  occasional  at 
other  seasons ;  not  known  to  breed. 

CONN. —  Irregular  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common.  Oct. 
7-spring. 

274.  LOXIA  LEUCOPTERA  Gmelin. 
White-winged  crossbill. 

Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  844.  "IN  SINU  HUD- 
SONIS  &  NOVEBORACO."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3 
p.  190,  pi.  201. 

Coniferous  forests;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  resident  of  northern  part;  elsewhere  an 
irregular  visitor.  Nest,  June. 


AVES.  147 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident  above  3000  ft.*in]White  Mts.  and 
north;  elsewhere  an  irregular  visitor. 

VT. —  Irregularly  common  winter  visitor,  rare  in  summer  in 
northern  part  and  on  higher  peaks.  Nested  at  Lunenburg,  1878. 

MASS. —  Irregular  fall  and  winter  visitor,  sometimes  common. 
Oct.  22-May  12  (May  25);  (June  4,  1900,  Lanesboro;  June  13, 
1866,  Newton ville). 

R.  I. —  Rare  and  irregular  winter  visitor.     Jan.  14-Feb.  24. 

CONN. —  Rare  and  irregular  winter  visitor.     Nov.  6-Mar.  7. 

275.  ACANTHIS  HORNEMANNII  EXiLiPES  (Coues)  Stejneger. 
Hoary  redpoll. 

Aegiothus  exilipes  Coues,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1861,  p. 
385.  "  FORT  SIMPSON." 

Fringilla  borealis  Temm.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1839,  vol. 
5,  p.  87,  pi.  400. 

Arctic  thickets  in  summer,  open  tree  growth  in  winter  migrations; 
nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Westbrook,  Jan.  26,  1896;  eastern 
Maine  (Boardman). 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Hamptonv 

VT. —  Doubtfully  reported. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor  (some  ten  instances).  Nov.  15- 
Mar.  20. 

276.  ACANTHIS  LINARIA  (Linne*)  Bonaparte  and  Schlegel. 
Redpoll;   Lesser  redpoll;   Mealy  redpoll. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  85.  Egg, 
Seebohm,  1896,  p.  246,  pi.  57,  figs.  6,  7. 

Fringilla  linaria  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  182. 
"IN  EUROPA."  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1838,  vol.  4,  p.  523, 
pi.  375. 


148  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

Arctic  thickets  in  summer,  open  tree  growth  in  winter  migrations; 
nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Winter  visitor  of  irregular  abundance,  and  rare  summer 
resident  (Calais).  Oct.  12-April  27  (May  19,  1875;  summer). 

N.  H. —  Winter  visitor  of  irregular  abundance.     Nov.  1-April. 

VT. —  Winter  visitor  of  irregular  abundance ;  (nest  and  three 
eggs  said  to  have  been  found  in  late  March,  1878,  at  Taftsville). 
Nov.  11-May  1  (May  11). 

MASS. —  Irregularly  common  fall  and  winter  visitor.  (Oct.  16) 
Oct.  25-April  25. 

R.  I. —  Irregularly  common  fall  and  winter  visitor.     Oct.-Mar. 
25. 

CONN. —  Irregularly  common  fall  and  winter  visitor.  Fall- 
Mar.  31. 

277.  ACANTHIS  LINARIA  HOLBOELLii  (C.  L.  Brehm)  Dubois. 
Holboell's  redpoll. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  pp.  80,  89. 

Linaria  holboellii  C.  L.  Brehm,  Handb.  d.  naturgesch.  aller 
vogel  Deutschl.,  1831,  p.  280.  "IN  DAS  MITTLERE  DEUTSCHLAND." 

Acanthis  holboellii  Bonaparte  and  Schlegel,  Monogr.  Loxiens, 
1850,  p.  50,  pi.  53. 

Arctic  thickets  in  summer,  open  tree  growth  in  winter  migrations; 
nests  in  low  trees. 

ME.—  Rare  winter  visitor:  Gorham,  Feb.  3,  1903;  North  Bridg- 
ton,  Nov.  25,  1878. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Lexington,  Mar.  10,  1890;  Swamp- 
scott,  two,  Mar.  26,  1883. 

278.  ACANTHIS  LINARIA  ROSTRATA  (Coues)  Stejneger. 
Greater  redpoll. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  pp.  80,  91. 


AVES.  149 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

Aegiothus  restrains  Coues,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1861,  p. 
378.  "JACOBSHAVN,  GREENLAND." 

Linota  hornemanni  Holb.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81, 
vol.  4,  pi.  [190],  lower  fig. 

Arctic  thickets  in  summer,  open  tree  growth  in  winter  migrations; 
nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Winter  visitor  of  irregular  abundance.     Dec.  12-Mar.  15. 
N.  H. —  Unsatisfactorily  recorded. 

MASS. —  Winter  visitor  near  coast,  irregular  and  sometimes 
common.  Dec.  27-Feb.  25. 

R.  I. —  Rare  winter  visitor:    East  Providence,  Mar.  14,  1896. 
CONN. —  Rare  winter  visitor:   New  Haven,  Dec.  17,  1878. 

279.     ASTRAGALINUS  TRiSTis  (Linne*)  Cabanis. 

American  goldfinch;   Lettuce-bird;   Thistle-bird;   Wild  canary; 
Yellow-bird. 

Fringilla  tristis  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  181. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

&pinus  tristis  (Linne).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  286;  Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  52.  Egg,  Capen,  1886, 
pi.  8,  fig.  3. 

Orchards,  shade  trees,  and  edges  of  woods  in  summer,  weedy 
fields  and  open  country  in  winter;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  uncommon  in 
winter.  Eggs,  July  29- Aug.  18  (Sept.  5). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  uncommon 
in  winter  from  White  Mts.  south. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  less  common  in 
winter.  Eggs,  July  26. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  less  common 
winter  resident.  Eggs,  July  21-Aug.  11. 

R.  I.: —  Common  summer,  and  less  common  winter  resident. 
Eggs,  July  1-Aug.  7. 

CONN. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  July- Aug. 


150  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

280.  SPINUS  PINUS  (Wilson)  Stejneger. 

Pine  siskin;   Gray  linnet;   Pine  finch;   Pine  linnet. 

Fringilla  pinus  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  133,  pi.  17, 
fig.  1.  "NEIGHBOURHOOD  OF  PHILADELPHIA." 

Linaria  pinus  (Wils.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3, 
p.  125,  pi.  180.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  8,  fig.  4. 

Coniferous  forests  in  summer,  open  country  and  coniferous  trees 
in  fall  and  winter;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  resident  of  northern  part;  elsewhere  of  irregular 
occurrence  mainly  in  fall  and  winter.  Eggs,  April. 

N.  H. —  Common  resident,  breeding  mainly  above  3000  ft.  in 
White  Mts.  Eggs,  mid-April. 

VT. —  Common  winter  visitor,  less  common  in  summer,  breeding 
irregularly.  Nesting,  April-May  15. 

MASS. —  Irregularly  common  fall  and  winter  visitor,  sometimes 
lingering  till  late  spring  and  rarely  nesting.  Sept.  19-May  30 
(June  8,  July  15,  summer).  Eggs,  May  9-29. 

R.  I. —  Irregularly  common  fall  and  winter  visitor.  Oct. -April 
17  (May  31). 

CONN. —  Irregularly  common  fall  and  winter  visitor.  Oct.- 
April(May20). 

281.  SPINUS  SPINUS  (Linne)  Stejneger. 
European  siskin. 

Fringilla  spinus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  181. 

"IN  EUROPAE  JUNIPERETIS." 

Chrysomitris  spinus  (Linne).  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871- 
81,  vol.  3,  p.  [541],  pi.  [169].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  242,  pi.  56, 
fig.  18. 

Coniferous  woods;   nests  in  trees. 

MASS. —  Cambridge,  Aug.  11,  13,  17,  1904,  an  apparently  wild 
bird  (Brewster). 


AVES.  151 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

282.     PLECTROPHENAX  NIVALIS  (Linne)  Stejneger. 
Snowflake;   Snow  bunting;   White  snowbird. 

Emberiza  nivalis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  voL  1,  p.  176. 
"IN  ALPIBUS  LAPPONIAE,  SPITZBERGAE  AD  SINUM  HUDSONIS 
ALIBIQUE." 

Plectroplianes  nivalis  (Linne").  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  p.  55,  pi.  155.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  247,  pi.  57,  figs.  9,  10. 

Open  fields,  coasts,  and  barrens;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident  ( ?  accidental  in 
summer,  flock,  Mt.  Ktaadn,  early  Aug.  1869,  fide  Minot).  (Oct. 
10)  Oct.  15-April  13. 

N.  tH. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  accidental  in 
summer  (Webster,  June,  a  cripple).  Oct.  18-April  6. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Nov.  17-spring. 

MASS. —  Common  winter  resident,  especially  coastwise.  Oct. 
12-April  3  (May). 

R.  I. —  Common  winter  resident.     Oct.  29-Mar.  29. 

CONN. —  Irregularly  common  winter  resident.     Nov.    14-Mar. 

283.     CALCARIUS  LAPPONICUS  (Linne)  Stejneger. 
Lapland  longspur. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mub.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  155. 

Fringilld  lapponica  Linne",  .Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  180. 
"IN  LAPPONIA." 

Plectrophanes  lapponicus  (Linne).  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe, 
1871-81,  vol.  4,  pi.  [223].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  248,  pi.  57, 
figs.  11,  12. 

Open  barrens  and  plains;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.—  Rare  migrant.     Mar.  10-16;  Oct.  26-Dec.  29. 
N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  in  late  fall:    Hampton  Beach,  Nov.  30, 
1899. 


152  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

VT. —  Rare  or  accidental  migrant:  Brandon,  Feb.  21,  1879; 
?  Townshend. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant  and  winter 
resident  mainly  coastwise.  Feb.  22-May  1;  Oct.  9-Dec.  11; 
winter. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  (Jan.  6, 
Feb.  16). 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant;  may  winter.  (Jan.  26,  1883, 
Portland)  Feb.  11-Mac.  16;  Nov. 

284.  CALCARIUS  ORNATUS  (Townsend)  Stejneger. 
Chestnut-collared  longspur. 

Plectrophanes  ornata  Towns.,  Journ.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1837, 
vol.  7,  pt.  2,  p.  189.  "PRAIRIES  OF  THE  PLATTE  RIVER."  Audubon, 
Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3,  p.  53,  pi.  154. 

Open  plains;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:   Scarborough,  Aug.  13,  1886. 
MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:   Magnolia,  July  28,  1876. 

285.  POOECETES  GRAMINEUS  (Gmelin)  Baird. 

Vesper  sparrow;  Bay-winged  bunting;  Grass  finch;   Gray-bird; 
Ground  sparrow;   White-tailed  field  sparrow. 

Fringilla  graminea  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  922. 
"IN  NOVEBORACO." 

Emberiza  graminea  (Gmel.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  p.  65,  pi.  159.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  8,  fig.  9-12. 

Grassy  fields  and  uplands;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (Mar.  30)  April 
9-Oct.  28.  Eggs,  late  May- June  24;  late  July-Aug.  (2d  brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. Mar.  29-Oct.  (Nov.  14). 


AVES.  153 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar.  31-fall. 
Eggs,  June  6. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (Mar.  17) 
Mar.  27-Oct.  24  (Nov.  10;  Dec.  25,  1889,  Somerville).  Eggs, 
May  10-June  10. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Mar.  19- 
Oct.  17.  Eggs,  May  5-21. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident.  Late  Mar.-Nov.  (winter).  Eggs,  May  22- July  5. 

286.  PASSERCULTJS  PRINCEPS  Maynard. 
Ipswich  sparrow;   Gray-bird. 

Mayn.,  Amer.  nat.,  1872,  vol.  6,  p.  637.     "  IPSWICH,"  Mass. 
Ammodramus  princeps  (Mayn.).     Dwight,  Mem.  Nuttall  ornith. 
club,  1895,  no.  2,  p.  21,  plate. 

Sand  dunes  and  sea  shores;  nests  on  the  ground  (Sable  Id.,  N.  S.). 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  coastwise;  may  winter  rarely.  Mar.  20- 
April  8;  Oct.  11-Nov.  17  (Jan.  23,  1886,  near  Pine  Point). 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  coastwise.  Mar.-April;  late  Oct.-early 
Dec.  (nee  Lake  Umbagog.) 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  among 
coastal  dunes;  casual  inland  (Fresh  Pond,  Cambridge).  Oct.  12- 
April  12. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident  among  coastal 
dunes.  Oct.  20-April  11. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  winter  resident  coastwise. 
Oct.-Mar.  24. 

287.  PASSERCULUS  SANDWICHENSIS  SAVANNA  (Wilson)  Ridgway. 
Savanna  sparrow. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  192. 
Fringilla  savanna  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  3,  p.  55,  pi. 
22,  fig.  3.     "ATLANTIC  COAST,  FROM  SAVANNAH  ....  TO  ....  NEW 


154  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

YORK."     Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1839,  vol.  5,  p.  516,  pi.  109. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  8,  fig.  5-8. 

Grassy  fields  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident,  accidental  in  winter.  (Jan. 
24,  1897,  Seguin  Id.)  April  6-early  Nov.  (Nov.  28).  Eggs,  May 
31-June  18;  July  (2d  brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations,  un- 
common on  barren  summits  of  White  Mts.  (Mar.  31)  April  15- 
Oct.  27.  Eggs,  June  16-late  July. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     April  7-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident ;  rare  winter 
resident  near  coast  (Ipswich,  Longmeadow,  Sandwich).  (Mar. 
22)  April  5-Nov.  12  (winter).  Eggs,  May  21- June  20. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  rare  win- 
ter resident.  April  4-Oct.  23  (winter).  Eggs,  May  17-29. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     April-Nov. 

288.     COTURNICULUS  SAVANNARUM  AUSTRALis  (Maynard)  A.  O.  U. 
comm. 

Grasshopper  sparrow;   Yellow-winged  sparrow. 

Ammodromus  australis  Mayn.,  Amer.  exch.  and  mart,  1887, 
vol.  3,  p.  33.  "BAHAMAS FLORIDA/' 

Ammodramus  savannarum  passerinus  (Wils.).  Chapman, 
Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  293. 

Emberiza  passerina  (Wils.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  pi.  162.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  8,  fig.  13-15. 

Grassy  fields  and  meadows;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  visitor  (?  or  resident)  east  to  Calais.  May 
24- June  29. 

N.  H. —  Rare  summer  resident  in  lowlands  south  of  Lake  Winne- 
pesaukee.  May  13-? 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident  of  southern  and  western  valleys. 
Eggs,  July  17. 


AVES.  155 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  near  coast  and  in 
western  valleys.  (April  25)  May  10-Sept.  1  (Dec.  10,  1892,  Arling- 
ton). 

R.  I. —  Common  local  summer  resident.  April  22-Oct.  23. 
Eggs,  May  30-June  5. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident  in  southern  part  and  Con- 
necticut valley.  Late  April-  ? 

289.  AMMODRAMUS  HENSLOWII  (Audubon)  Gray. 
Henslow's  sparrow. 

Emberiza  henslowii  Aud.,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1831,  vol.  1,  p.  360, 
pi.  77.  "OPPOSITE  CINCINNATI,  IN  THE  STATE  OF  KENTUCKY." 

Ammodramus  henslowii  (Aud.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east. 
No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  294.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  9,  figs.  1,  2. 

Meadows  and  sedgy  weed-grown  bogs;  nests  on  the  ground. 

N.  H. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys 
(Wonalancet).  April  17- Aug. 

VT. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  in  southern  part  (Pownall). 

MASS. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  May  6-Sept. 
(Nov.  6,  Osterville).  Eggs,  May  25. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident:  Cranston,  late 
April,  1874;  Warwick,  Oct.  6,  1898;  Westerly,  June  6  and  8,  1900. 

CONN. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  (Eastford,  Killing  worth, 
Woodstock,  etc.).  May-fall.  Eggs,  -Aug.  6. 

290.  AMMODRAMUS  CAUDACUTUS  (Gmelin)  Swainson. 
Sharp-tailed  sparrow. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  295;  Audu- 
bon, Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3,  p.  108,  pi.  174.  Egg,  Capen, 
1886,  pi.  9,  figs.  3,  4. 

Oriolus  caudacutus  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  394. 
"IN  NOVEBORACO." 


156  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

Salt  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident  locally  in  Cumberland  Co.  June 
5-lateOct.  (?Nov.). 

N.  H.—  Rare  summer  resident  of  the  coastal  salt  marshes. 
Spring-Oct.  14. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded  (Lunenburg). 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  of  the  coastal  salt  marshes 
(Ipswich);  rare  winter  resident  (West  Barnstable).  May  19-Nov. 
8  (winter).  Eggs,  June  8- July  12. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident  of  the  coastal  salt  marshes. 
May  15-Oct.  2.  Eggs,  May  24-July  14. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  and  rare  winter  resident  of  the 
coastal  salt  marshes.  April  14-Nov.  (winter).  Eggs,  May  31- 
June  9. 

291.  AMMODRAMUS  NELSONI  (Allen)  Norton. 
Nelson's  sparrow;   Nelson's  sharp-tailed  finch. 

Ammodromus  caudacutus  var.  nelsoni  Allen,  Proc.  Boston  soc. 
nat.  hist.,  1875,  vol.  17,  p.  293.  "CALUMET  MARSHES  NEAR 
CHICAGO,  ILL." 

Ammodramus  caudacutus  nelsoni  Allen.  Dwight,  Auk,  1896, 
vol.  13,  p.  273-274,  pi.  4,  lower  fig. 

Marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  22- June  5;    Oct.  9-25. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant;  rare  winter  resident  on  south 
coast.  Sept.  25-Oct.  15  (winter). 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant  on  coastal 
marshes.  May;  Oct. 

292.  AMMODRAMUS  NELSONI  SUBVIRGATUS  (Dwight)  Norton. 
Acadian  sharp-tailed  sparrow. 

Ammodramus  caudacutus  subvirgatus  Dwight,  Auk,  1887,  vol.  4 


AVES.  157 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

p.      233.       "HlLLSBOROUGH,      ALBERT      Co.,      NEW     BRUNSWICK." 

Dwight,  Auk,  1896,  vol.  13,  pi.  4,  upper  fig. 

Brackish  or  freshwater  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  local  summer  resident  coastwise 
from  Sagadahoc  Co.,  north.  May  20-summer;  Sept.  10-Oct.  24 
(Nov.  15). 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  coastwise  (once  at  Springfield). 
May  20- June  11;  Sept.  3-Nov.  5. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant:  Charlestown  Beach,  four,  Oct.  15, 
1899;  Point  Judith,  April  27,  1887. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  Late  May- 
June  9;  Oct. 

293.    AMMODRAMUS  MARITIMUS  (Wilson)  Swainson. 
Seaside  sparrow  or  finch;   Meadow  chippy. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3,  p.  103,  pi.  172.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  9,  figs.  5,  6. 

Fringilla  maritime/,  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  4,  p.  68,  pi. 

34,    fig.    2.       "LOW,    RUSH-COVERED   SEA   ISLANDS   ALONG   OUR  AT- 
LANTIC COAST." 

Salt  marshes;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME.— Accidental  visitor:   Shark  Id.,  Aug.  18,  1884. 

N.  H. —  Erroneously  recorded  for  A.  caudacutus. 

MASS. —  Rare  local  summer  (Westport)  and  winter  resident  on 
south  coast.  April  14- (winter).  Eggs,  July  17. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  at  Point  Judith  and  Middle- 
own  marshes.  Eggs,  July  14. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  and  possibly  rare  winter  resident  of 
the  salt  marshes.  Late  May-Sept.  (Dec.  9,  1889,  Bridgeport). 
Eggs,  June  8-19. 


158  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

294.  CHONDESTES  GRAMMACUS  (Say)  Bonaparte. 
Lark  sparrow;    Quailhead;   Road-bird. 

Fringilla  grammaca  Say,  Long's  Exped.  to  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  vol. 
1,  p.  139.  "BELLE  FONTAIN,  AS  WELL  AS  AT  SEVERAL  OTHER 
POINTS  ON  THIS  [MISSOURI]  RIVER/'  Bonap.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1825, 
vol.  1,  p.  47,  pi.  5,  fig.  3. 

Grassy  fields;  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  low  trees  and  bushes. 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor  (seven  records).  April  29;  Aug.  12-Nov. 
25. 

295.  ZONOTRICHIA  LEUCOPHRYS  (Forster)  Swainson. 
White-crowned  sparrow. 

Emberiza  leucophrys  Forst.,  Phil,  trans,  roy.  soc.  London,  1772, 
vol.  62,  p.  426.  "IN  AMERICA  BOREALI  AD  SINUM  HUDSONIS." 

Fringilla  leucophrys  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  p.  157,  pi.  192. 

Edges  of  thickets;  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  low  bushes. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant;  casual  in  summer  (Androscoggin 
Lake,  June,  1898;  Farmington,  late  June,  1887;  Woolastook 
Valley,  Aug.).  (May  2)  May  5-25;  (June,  Aug.);  Sept.  22-Oct. 
22  (Nov.  8). 

N.  H.— Uncommon  migrant.     May  6-25;   Sept.  21-Oct.  11. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant;  said  to  have  bred  at  Rutland;  nest 
built  and  one  egg  laid  at  East  Berkshire.  May  14  (July,  1906, 
Mt.  Mansfield);  Oct.  4-24. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant.  May  4-27  (June  6) ;  Sept.  23- 
Nov.  5. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant;  casual  in  summer  (near  Providence, 
July  9).  May;  Oct. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant;  may  winter  rarely.  (Mar.  20) 
May  10-15;  Oct.  12-Dec.  5. 


AVES.  159 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

296.  ZONOTRICHIA  ALBICOLLIS  (Gmelin)  Swainson. 
White-throated  sparrow;    Mountain  lark;    Peabody-bird. 

Fringilla  albicollis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  921. 
"IN  PENSILVANIA." 

Fringilla  pennsylvanica  Latham.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1841,  vol.  3,  p.  153,  pi.  191.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  figs.  5,  6. 

Thickets;  nests  on  the  ground,  rarely  in  bushes. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  and  jrom  Cumberland  Co.  north,  a 
eommon  summer  resident ;  accidental  in  winter  (Falmouth,  winter, 
1904;  Lewiston,  Mar.  30,  1904;  Lubec,  Mar.  24,  1906;  Saco 
Jan.  20,  1886).  April  18-Nov.  9  (Nov.  20)  (winter).  Eggs,  May 
24-June  13. 

N.  H. — .Common  migrant,  and  a  common  summer  resident  to 
5000  ft.  in  northern  half,  local  in  southern.  April  23-May  14; 
summer;  Sept.-Oct. 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  and  except  at  lower  elevations,  a  less 
common  summer  resident;  accidental  in  winter  (Brattleboro,  Dec. 
25,  1904,  Mar.  31,  1907).  April  29-Oct.  24  (winter).  Eggs,  June 
21-July  3. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  at  higher  elevations  of  western 
part,  a  less  common  summer  resident,  sporadic  in  eastern  (Box- 
ford,  Framingham,  Wakefield);  rare  winter  resident  near  coast. 
April  15-May  26;  summer;  Sept.  1-Nov.  24;  winter.  Eggs,  June. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident.  April  28- 
May  10;  Oct.  1-Nov.  1;  winter. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  winter  resident; 
may  breed  at  higher  elevations  (Litchfield,  June  26,  1906).  April 
15-May  20  (June);  Sept.  22-Nov.;  winter. 

297.  SPIZELLA  MONTICOLA  (Gmelin)  Baird. 

Tree  sparrow;   Winter  chip-bird;   Winter  chippy. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  301;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  49. 


160  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

Fringilla  monticola  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  912. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Arctic  thickets  in  summer;  fields  and  marshes  in  winter  migra- 
tion; nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  southern  counties  a  winter  resi- 
dent. (Early  Aug.,  Fort  Kent;  Sept.)  Oct.  8-April  28  (May  16). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  and  from  White  Mts.  south,  uncom- 
mon winter  resident.  Oct.  8-April  24. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident.  Oct.— 
April. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident. 
(Sept.  21)  Oct.  16-April  28  (May  7,  1893,  Lexington). 

R.  I. —  Common  winter  resident.     Nov.  7— April  15. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident. 
Oct.  28-April  12. 

298.     SPIZELLA  PASSERINA  (Bechstein)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Chipping  sparrow;   Chip-bird;   Chippy;   Hair-bird. 

Fringilla  passerina  Bechstein,  in  Latham,  Allgem.  uebers.  vogel, 
1798,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  544,  pi.  120,  fig.  1.  "CANADA." 

Spizella  socialis  (Wils.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  302.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  figs.  1,  2. 

Fringilla  socialis  Wils.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1839,  vol.  5, 
p.  517,  pi.  104. 

Orchards,  fields,  and  vicinity  of  dwellings ;  nests  in  trees,  hedges, 
or  vines. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  2)  April 
9-Oct.  23  (Nov.  7).  Eggs,  May  23- June 2;  early  July  (2d  brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. April  10-Oct.  31.  Eggs,  May  31-June  16;  July  29  (2d 
brood) . 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  and  summer  resident.     April  4-Oct. 


AVES.  161 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (Mar.  13, 
24)  April  5-Nov.  25  (Dec.  31,  1869,  Watertown).  Eggs,  May 
12- June  26  (2d  brood  ?). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  4-Oct. 
17.  Eggs,  May  19-June  15. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident.  April-Nov.  (winter). 

299.  SPIZELLA  BREWERI  Cassin. 
Brewer's  sparrow. 

Cass.,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1856,  vol.  8,  p.  40.  "  WESTERN 
NORTH  AMERICA,  CALIFORNIA,  NEW  MEXICO."  Ridgway,  Bull. 
50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  326. 

Emberiza  pallida  Swains.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol. 
3,  pi.  161  (fide  Ridgway). 

Prairies;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Watertown,  Dec.  15,  1873. 

300.  SPIZELLA  PUSILLA  (Wilson)  Bonaparte. 

Field  sparrow;  .Ground  sparrow;   Huckleberry-bird. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  318.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  figs.  3,  4. 

Fringilla  pusilla  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  121,  pi.  16, 

fig.  2.  "  PENNSYLVANIA  ....  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  CAROLINA 

GEORGIA."  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1834,  vol.  2,  pi.  139. 

Bushy  fields;  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  low  bushes. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  southern  counties.  April 
7-Oct.  1. 

N.  H. —  Locally  common  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt. 
valleys  April  3-Oct.  Eggs,  June- 12. 

VT. —  Locally  common  summer  resident.  April  4-fall  (Dec.  25, 
1908,  Clarendon).  Eggs,  July  10. 


162  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident  and  near  the  coast  a  rare 
winter  resident.  (Mar.  29)  April  1-Nov.  13;  (winter).  Eggs,  May 
8- June  12. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  and  rare  winter  resident.  April-Oct. 
23;  (winter).  Eggs,  May  19- June  11. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  and  rare  winter  resident.  (Late 
Mar.)  April  6-Dec.  2  (winter,  Hartford,  New  Haven).  Eggs,  June 
22. 

301.     JUNCO  HYEMALIS  (Linne)  Sclater. 

Slate-colored  Junco;    Black  snowbird;    Blue  snowbird;    Junco; 
Snowbird;   White-bill. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  304;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  48.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  9,  figs.  14,  15. 

Fringilla  hyemalis  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  183. 
"AMERICA." 

Thickets,  weedy  and  brushgrown  fields;  nests  on  the  ground, 
rarely  in  bushes. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  mainly  in  northern  part, 
a  common  summer  resident;  rare  winter  resident  in  southern  part 
Eggs,  May  7- June  29;  July  19  (2d  brood) . 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  winter  resi- 
dent. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  winter  resident;  un- 
common summer  resident  in  western  highlands  (Mts.  Holyoke, 
Nonotuck,  Tom,  Wachusett,  Berkshires),  sporadic  in  east  ( ?  Box- 
ford,  Medford,  Wellfleet).  Mar.  8-May  21;  summer;  Sept.  3- 
Nov.  30;  winter.  Eggs,  -(Aug.  6). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident.  Oct.  2-April  4 
(May  19). 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  -and  winter  resident;  rare  local 
summer  resident  (Bear  Mt.,  Salisbury,  2354  ft.).  Oct.  8-May  3 
(summer). 


AVES.  163 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

302.  JUNCO  HYEMALIS  MONTANUS  (Ridgway)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Montana  Junco. 

Junco  montanus  Ridgw.,  Auk,  1898,  vol.  15,  p.  321.     "COLUMBIA 
FALLS,  MONTANA."     Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  289. 
Edges  of  thickets;   nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Watertown,  Mar.  25,  1874  (this 
specimen  has  been  recorded  as  J.'h.  shufeldti  and  J.  h.  oregonus). 

303.  MELOSPIZA  MELODIA  (Wilson)  Baird. 

Song  sparrow;    Bush  sparrow;    Ground-bird;    Ground  sparrow, 

Fringilla  melodia  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  125,  pi. 
16,  fig.  4.  "UNITED  STATES."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  pi.  189. 

Melospiza  cinerea  melodia  (Wils.).  Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S. 
nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  354.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  9,  fig.  10-13. 

Swamps,  marshes,  weedy  fields;  nests  on  the  ground,  in  bushes, 
or  even  hollow  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  winter 
resident  (Calais,  Cape  Elizabeth,  Gardiner).  Mar.  7-Nov.  (winter). 
Eggs,  (April)  May  20- June  7;  July  (2d  brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions; rare  winter  resident  near  coast.  Mar.  9-Dec.  (winter). 
Eggs,  May  24- June  22;  July  27  (2d  brood). 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident ;  rare  winter  resi- 
dent in  southern  part  (Bethel,  Brattleboro,  Brownsville,  Taftsville) . 
Mar.  7-fall  (winter). 

.MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident  at  lower  elevations.  Mar.  10-Nov.  15;  winter. 
Eggs,  April  30- July  29  (2d  brood). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident.  Mar.  1-Nov.  14;  winter.  Eggs,  May  7-10. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident.  Eggs,  May  24-(Aug.  20). 


164  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

304.  MELOSPIZA  LINCOLNII  (Audubon)  Baird. 
Lincoln's  sparrow;   Lincoln's  finch. 

Fringilla  lincolnii  Aud.,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1834,  vol.  2,  p.  535,  pi. 
193.  "  LABRADOR." 

Peucaea  lincolnii  Aud.,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3,  p.  116,  pi. 
177. 

Edges  of  dense  thickets  and  tangled  growth;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant ;  rare  summer 
resident  in  extreme  north  (Ft.  Kent;  &  said  to  have  been  taken  at 
Boothbay,  July  14,  and  four  birds  at  Bobson's  Id.,  Aug.  9).  May 
12-June  1;  (summer);  Sept.  8-Oct.  13. 

N.  H. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant  (once  reported 
in  summer,  Nubanusit  Lake,  July  28,  1900,  Thayer).  May  13- 
26;  (?  summer);  Sept.  7-Oct.  4. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  May  7- 
June  1;  Sept.  12-Oct.  14  (Nov.  1). 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant,  mainly  in  fall.     (Spring) ;  Sept.  27. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  May  23; 
Sept.  21-Oct.  3. 

305.  MELOSPIZA  GEORGIANA  (Latham)  Ridgway. 
Swamp  sparrow. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  382. 
Fringilla  georgiana   Lath.,  Index  ornith.,  1790,  vol.  1,  p.  460. 

"CUM   PRAECEDENTE,"   =  "iN    GEORGIAE   AMERICANAE   INTERIORI- 
BUS." 

Fringilla  palustris  Wils.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1839,  vol.  5, 
pi.  64.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  9,  fig.  7-9. 

Swamps,  marshes,  and  old  fields;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  (Mar. 
20,  Bangor)  April  6-Nov.  15.  Eggs,  May  31- June  3. 


AVES.  165 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

N.  H.,  VT. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer 
resident  at  lower  elevations.  April-Oct.  25. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident;  rare 
winter  resident  near  the  coast  (to  Beverly,  Fresh  Pond,  Cambridge). 
Mar.  27-Nov.  30;  winter.  Eggs,  May  13-July  14. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer  resident; 
may  winter  locally.  April  4-Nov.l4  (Dec.  25).  Eggs,  May  24-31. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer 
resident;  rare  winter  resident.  April  5-Nov.  20  (winter). 

306.  PASSERELLA  ILIACA  (Merrem)  Swainson. 
Fox  sparrow;   Fox-colored  sparrow. 

Fringilla  iliaca  Merr.,  Beitr.  z.  besond.  gesch.  d.  vogel,  1786-87, 
vol.  2,  p.  40-41,  pi.  10.  "NORD-AMERIKA."  Audubon,  Ornith. 
biogr.,  1835,  vol.  2,  p.  58,  pi.  108. 

Thickets  and  edges  of  woods ;  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant;  accidental  in  winter.  Mar.  15- April 
17  (May  15);  Oct.  8-Nov.  28  (Dec.  2,  9,  17,  Seguin  Id.;  Jan.  24, 
1909,  Cape  Elizabeth;  Feb.). 

N.  H.—  Common  migrant.     Mar  16-April  23;  Oct.  5-Nov.  13. 

VT. —  Common  migrant.     Mar.  15- April  5;  fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident  near  the 
coast.  (Feb.  26,  1906,  Springfield;  Mar.  3)  Mar.  9-April  25  (May 
2);  (Sept.  17,  Oct.  2)  Oct.  15-Nov.  29  (Dec.  6  and  winter). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  occasional  winter  resident.  Mar. 
19-April  20  (May  21);  Oct.  13-Nov.  27  (winter). 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  and  rare  winter  resident.  Mar.  6- 
April  19;  Oct.  10-Nov.  28  (winter): 

307.  PIPILO  ERYTHROPHTHALMUS  (Linne")  Vieillot. 
Towhee;   Che  wink;   Ground  robin;   Marsh  robin;   Pewink. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  310;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  55.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  fig.  13-15. 


166  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

Fringilla  erythrophthalma  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1, 
p.  180.  "AMERICA." 

Thickets  and  sprout  land;  nests  on  the  ground,  rarely  in  bushes. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  southwestern  counties. 
May  6-Oct.  18  (Nov.  21). 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  in  southern  part,  becoming 
uncommon  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys.  May  1-Oct.  15. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.     May-Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  and  very  rare  winter  resident.  (April 
2)  April  18-Oct.  22  (Nov.  30,  Dec.  4);  (winter).  Eggs,  May  17- 
June  12. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  and  very  rare  winter  resident.  April 
19-Oct.  13  (Jan.  14,  1896,  Newport).  Eggs,  May  21-June  3. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  and  very  rare  winter  resident. 
April  25-Nov.  25  (Dec.  28,  1908,  New  Haven;  Jan.  22,  1876, 
Portland).  Eggs,  May  21-June  6. 

308.     CARDINALIS  CARDINALIS  (Linne)  Lichtenstein. 

Cardinal;    Cardinal  grosbeak;    Red-bird;    Virginia  nightingale. 

Loxia  cardinalis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  172. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Pitylus  cardinalis  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol. 
3,  p.  198,  pi.  203.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  figs.  11,  12. 

Bushy  fields  and  thickets;  nests  in  bushes. 

ME. —  Several  recorded ;  probably  some  are  escaped  cage  birds 
(9  from  flock  of  three,  Gardiner,  Dec.  19,  1895). 

VT. —  Rare  visitor  or  escape:  Brattleboro. 

MASS. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons  and  escape ;  doubtfully 
stated  to  have  bred  at  Cambridge  (a  wild  bird  and  a  freed  cage  bird 
nested  in  Brookline,  eggs,  June  6,  1898). 

CONN. —  Occasional  visitor  or  escape. 


AVES.  167 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

309.  ZAMELODIA  LUDOVICIANA  (Linne")  Coues. 
Rose-breasted  grosbeak;   Throat-cut. 

Loxia  ludoviciana  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  306. 
"IN  LUDOVICIA." 

Habia  ludoviciana  (Linne).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east. 
No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  312;  Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  54;  Stone,  Auk,  1899, 
vol.  16,  pi.  4.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  figs.  9,  10. 

Orchard  and  shade  trees  and  borders  of  woods  near  water;  nests 
in  bushes  and  trees. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident  except  in  eastern  part.  (April 
26)  May  4-Aug.  27.  Eggs,  June  10-30. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations.  May 
12-Sept.  18. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.  May-Sept.  14.  Eggs,  June 
2-23. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  26)  May  2-Oct.  3. 
Eggs,  May  25- June  15. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident,  mainly  in  northern  part. 
May  4-Oct.  2.  Eggs,  May  23-June  4. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident;  accidental  in  winter. 
May  1-Sept.  (Nov.  25;  Jan.  18,  1893,  Stonington).  Eggs,  May  24. 

310.  GUIRACA  CAERULEA  (Linne*)  Swainson. 
Blue  grosbeak. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  313.  McAtee, 
U.  S.  dept.  agric.,  biol.  surv.,  bull.  32,  pi.  4. 

Loxia  caerulea  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  175. 
"AMERICA." 

Brush-grown  fields  and  thickets;  nests  in  bushes  or  weedy 
growths. 

ME. —  Recorded  from  Calais,  but  in  error  for  Grand  Menan, 
N.  B. 


168  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

N.  H.—  Doubtfully  recorded  from  East  Deny,  May  26,  1894. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Brookline,  May  29,  1880. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Drownville,  Oct.  12,  1899. 

311.  PASSERINA  CYANEA  (Linne)  Vieillot. 
Indigo  bunting;   Indigo-bird. 

Tanagra  cyanea  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  315. 
"IN  CAROLINA." 

Spiza  cyanea  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3, 
p.  96,  pi.  170.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  fig.  8. 

Brush-grown  fields,  thickets,  and  weedy  tangles ;  nests  among  low 
bushes,  brambles,  or  tall  weeds. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident  in  southern,  and  rare  in  north- 
ern counties  (Caribou).  May  11— Oct.  2.  Eggs,  June- July  15. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. May  9-Oct.  1. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  18-fall. 
Eggs,  May  30. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  8- 
Oct.  29  (Dec.  5,  1871,  Watertown).  Eggs,  June  3-22. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident,  mainly  in  northern  part. 
May  10-Oct.  Eggs,  June  1-11. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  9-Oct. 
Eggs,  June  16. 

312.  SPIZA  AMERICANA  (Gmelin)  Ridgway. 
Dickcissel;   Black-throated  bunting;   Judas-bird. 

Emberiza  americana  GmeL,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  872. 
"IN  NOVEBORACO."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3,  p. 
58,  pi.  156.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  10,  fig.  7. 

Grassy  fields;  nests  on  the  ground  or  in  low  bushes. 


AVES.  169 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

FRINGILLIDAE. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Job's  Id.,  Penobscot  Bay,  Sept.  29, 
1884;  St.  George;  Westbrook,  Oct.  10,  1888. 

MASS. —  Formerly  an  uncommon  summer  resident  along  coast 
and  in  western  valleys;  now  unknown.  May  15-Oct.  3.  Eggs, 
June  9,  1877  (Medford)-Aug.  1,  1878  (2d  brood,  Hyde  Park). 

R.  I. —  Formerly  a  rare  migrant:  Newport,  Sept.  25,  1888. 

CONN. —  Formerly  a  summer  resident,  now  unknown. 

313.  CALAMOSPIZA  MELANOCORYS  Stejneger. 
Lark  bunting. 

Stejn.,  Auk,  1885,  vol.  2,  p.  49.  Based  on  Townsend:  "PLAINS 
OF  THE  PLATTE  RIVER." 

Corydalina  bicolor  Towns.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  p.  195,  pi.  202. 

Prairies;   nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS.— Accidental  visitor:  Lynn,  Dec.  5,  1877. 
TANGARIDAE. 

314.  PIRANGA  LUDOVICIANA  (Wilson)  Richardson. 
Louisiana  tanager;   Western  tanager. 

Tanagra  ludoviciana  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  3,  p.  27, 
pi.  20,  fig.  1.  "LOUISIANA." 

Pyranga  ludoviciana  (Wils.).     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841 
vol.  3,  p.  231,  pi.  210. 

Mountain  forests;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  near  Bangor,  about  Oct.  1,  1889. 
MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:   Salem,  Jan.  20,  1878. 
CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  New  Haven,  Dec.  15,  1892. 

315.  PIRANGA  ERYTHROMELAS  Vieillot. 

Scarlet     tanager;      English     robin     (Berkshires) ;      Fire-bird; 
Pocket-bird;   War-bird. 

Pyranga  erythromelas  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol. 
28,  p.  293.  "AMERIQUE." 


170  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TANGARIDAE. 

Pyranga  rubra  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3, 
p.  226,  pi.  209.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  figs.  6,  7. 

Deciduous  woods,  especially  oaks  and  chestnuts;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident.     May  12-Oct.  5. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  mainly  below  2000  ft. 
south  of  White  Mts.  May  13-Sept.  25. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.     May-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  30,  May  4)  May  8- 
Oct.  16.  Eggs,  June  2-17. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident,  mainly  of  northern  part. 
(April  4,  1891,  Apponaug)  May  4-Oct.  9.  Eggs,  May  22- June  5. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  10-Sept.  11.  Eggs, 
May  31-June  17. 

316.  PIRANGA  RUBRA  (Linne")  Vieillot. 
Summer  tanager;   Summer  redbird. 

Fringilla  rubra  Linne",  Syst.  nat,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  181. 
"AMERICA." 

Pyranga  aestiva  Gmel.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3, 
p.  222,  pi.  208. 

Open  deciduous  and  mixed  woods;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:    Portland,  May  18,  1906;   Wiscasset. 

N.  H.,  YT.—  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Accidental  summer  visitor.  April  21,  May,  June,  July, 
Aug. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  summer  visitor:  Providence  (two  seen); 
Seaconnet,  April  27,  1901;  Ten  Mile  River. 

CONN. —  Rare  visitor.     April,  July. 

HIRUNDINIDAE. 

317.  PROGNE  SUBIS  (Linne")  Baird. 

Purple   martin;    Black  martin;    Cape   Cod   swallow;    House 
martin;    Martin. 


AVES.  171 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

HIRUNDINIDAE. 

Hirundo  subis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  192.     "AD 

SINUM  HUDSONIS." 

Hirundo  purpurea  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840, 
vol.  1,  p.  170,  pi.  45.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  fig.  1. 

Open  country  and  vicinity  of  dwellings ;  nests  in  cavities  or  bird 
houses. 

ME. —  Till  recently  a  common  local  summer  resident.  April  22- 
Sept.  4  (Sept  30).  Eggs,  June  5- July  4. 

N.  H. —  Local  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys; 
now  uncommon.  April  19-Sept. 

VT. —  Till  recently  a  common  local  summer  resident.  April  25- 
Sept.  20.  Eggs,  -June  23. 

MASS. —  Till  recently  a  common  local  summer  resident.  April 
14-Sept.  30.  Eggs,  May  30-June  21. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident;  formerly 
more  common.  April  25-Oct.  8.  Eggs,  May  25-June  4. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  local  summer  resident;  form- 
erly more  common.  April  17-fall.  Eggs,  May  21. 

318.     PETROCHELIDON  LUNIFRONS  (Say)  Cassin. 

Cliff  swallow;   Eave  swallow;   Mud  swallow;   Republican. 

Hirundo  lunifrons  Say,  Long's  Exped.  to  Rocky  Mts.,  1823, 
vol.  2,  p.  47.  "  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,  ABOUT  THE  SOURCES  OF  THE 
ARKANSA  AND  PLATTE." 

Hirundo  fulva  Vieill.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  177,  pi.  47.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  fig.  11-13. 

Open  country;  nests  in  colonies  under  cliffs  or  eaves  of  outbuild- 
ings. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  11,  Ban- 
gor)  April  21-Sept.  6  (Sept.  19).  Eggs,  June  1-July  2. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  April  28- 
Sept.  1. 


172  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

HIRUNDINIDAE. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  Late  April- 
summer. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer  resi- 
dent. April  23-Sept.  4  (Sept.  30).  Eggs,  May  25- July  20. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  28- 
Sept.  15.  Eggs,  May  31- July  16. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer 
resident.  (April  15)  April  20-Sept.  Eggs,  May  26-  ?  (2  broods). 

319.  HIRUNDO  ERYTHROGASTER  Boddaert. 
Barn  swallow;   Fork-tailed  swallow. 

Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist.  nat.,  1783,  p.  45.  De- 
scription in  Buffon:  "  CAYENNE." 

Hirundo  rustica  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1, 
p.  181,  pi.  48.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  figs.  8,  9. 

Open  country;  nests  in  crevices  of  cliffs,  but  now  generally  on 
rafters  of  old  barns. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  19-Sept. 
19  (Oct.  29,  Seguin  Id.;  Oct.  31,  1907,  Portland).  Eggs,  May  28- 
June  24. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. April  20-Sept.  21. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     April  25-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident. 
(April  5,  1893,  Waltham)  April  17-Sept.  30  (Oct.  7).  Eggs,  May 
18-July  12. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  still  breeds  in 
cliffs  at  Middletown.  (April  10)-Sept.  23.  Eggs,  May  18-30. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  21— 
Sept.  Eggs,  (ISept.  3). 

320.  IRIDOPROCNE  BICOLOR  (Vieillot)  Coues. 

Tree  swallow;   Little  martin;   White-bellied  swallow. 
Hirundo  tricolor  Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Ame"r.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  1, 


AVES.  173 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

HIRUNDINIDAE. 

p.  61,  pi.  31.     "ETATS-UNIS."     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840, 
vol.  1,  p.  175,  pi.  46.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  fig.  10. 

Open  country,  especially  near  water;  nests  in  cavities  of  dead 
trees  or  in  bird  boxes. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (Mar.  19) 
April  4-Sept.  21.  Eggs,  May  30-June  11. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident  at 
lower  elevations.  Mar.  23-Sept. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
Eggs,  June  1. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
(Mar.  15)  Mar.  22-Oct.  17  (Nov.  2).  Eggs,  May  14-June  15. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident; 
casual  in  winter.  (Mar.  12)  Mar.  28-Oct.  18.  Eggs,  May  24- 
30. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
Mar.  25-Oct.  17  (Oct.  22).  Eggs,  June. 

321.     RIPARIA  RIPARIA  (Linne)  Sharpe  and  Wyatt. 
Bank  swallow;   Sand  martin  or  swallow. 

Hirundo  riparia  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  192. 
"IN  EUROPAE  COLLIBUS  ARENOSis  ABRUPTis."  Audubon,  Birds 
of  Amer.,  1840,  vol.  1,  p.  187,  pi.  50.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6, 
fig.  14. 

Open  country  near  rivers  and  lakes ;  nests  in  colonies  in  burrows 
dug  in  sandy  bluffs. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  19)  April 
25-Sept.  1  (Sept.  19).  Eggs,  May  29-June  24. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  May- 
Aug.  24.  Eggs,  May  26. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  April  28- 
summer. 


174  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

HIRUNDINIDAE. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  April  24- 
Sept.  2  (Nov.  2).  Eggs,  May  28- June  17. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  April 
25-Aug.  29.  Eggs,  May  26-June  6. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  April 
21-summer. 

322.  STELGIDOPTERYX  SERRIPENNIS  (Audubon)  Baird. 
Rough-winged  swallow. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  322,  fig.  90. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  fig.  15. 

Hirundo  serripennis  Aud.,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1838,  vol.  4,  p.  593. 
"A  FEW  MILES  FROM  BAYOU  SARA/'  LA.  Aud.,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1840,  vol.  1,  pi.  51. 

Open  country  near  water;  nests  in  holes  in  banks,  or  in  cavities 
of  cliffs  and  walls. 

N.  H. —  Rare  summer  resident:  near  Hanover,  1905,  1906. 

VT. —  Rare  summer  resident  (noted  at  Bennington;  Lunenburg; 
Norwich,  May  6,  1905,  April  29,  1906;  West  Danville,  June  11, 
1901;  White  River  Junction).  April  29-summer.  Eggs,  May  16. 

MASS. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  in  western  part  (Glendale, 
young,  1906;  Longmeadow,  nesting,  May,  1906;  North  Adams, 
two  nesting  pairs,  June-,  1895).  May-summer. 

CONN. —  Rare  local  summer  resident.  (April  12)  May  9-sum- 
mer.  Eggs,  May  26-June  9. 

BOMBYCILLIDAE. 

323.  BOMBYCILLA  GARRULA  (Linne")  Vieillot. 
Bohemian  wax  wing. 

Bonaparte,  Amer.  ornith.,  1828,  vol.  3,  p.  14,  pi.  16,  fig.  2.  Egg, 
Ibis,  1861,  ser.  1,  vol.  3,  pi.  4,  fig.  1-6. 


AVES.  175 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

BOMBYCILLIDAE. 

Lanius  garrulus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  95. 
"IN  EUROPA   &  AMERICA  BOREALI;   AESTIVAT  SUPRA  SVECIAM." 
Evergreen  forests;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  and  irregular  winter  visitor.     Dec.  6-Feb.  6. 

N.  H. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  Hampton  Falls,  Feb.  17  and  21, 
1897;  Nashua,  1880. 

VT. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  ^  Brattleboro,  April,  1901;  Burlington 
(bis);  St.  Albans  (bis).  Nov.  25-April. 

MASS. —  Rare  winter  visitor:  about  six  authentic  records.  Dec. 
26-Feb.  18. 

CONN. —  Accidental  winter  visitor:  East  Windsor  Hill,  near 
Hartford;  ?  New  Haven,  Feb.  11,  1875. 

324.     BOMBYCILLA  CEDRORUM  Vieillot. 

Cedar    waxwing;     Apple-bird;     Canada    robin;     Cedar-bird; 
Cherry-bird. 

Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Ame>.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  1,  p.  38,  pi.  57.  "EN 
AMERIQUE  DEPUIS  LE  CANADA  JUSQU'AU  MEXIQUE." 

Ampelis  cedrorum  (Vieill.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No. 
Amer.,  1895,  p.  323;  Bird-life,  1898,  pi.  57.  Egg,  Capen,  1886, 
pi.  7,  figs.  2,  3. 

Orchards,  shade  trees,  and  woods;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  rare  in  winter. 
Eggs,  June  29. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  and  at  lower  elevations  a  common 
summer  resident;  rare  in  winter  in  southern  part.  Eggs,  July  29. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  uncommon  in 
winter  in  southern  part. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident; 
irregularly  common  in  winter  but  generally  absent  in  Nov.  and  Dec. 
Eggs,  May  30-July. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  irregular  in 
winter.  Eggs,  June  7-20. 


176  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

BOMBYCILLIDAE. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  irregular 
in  winter.  Eggs,  June  20-Aug.  1  (Aug.  27). 

LANIIDAE. 

325.  LANIUS  BOREALIS  Vieillot. 
Northern  shrike;   Butcher-bird.    • 

Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Ame"r.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  1,  p.  80,  pi.  50. 
"CANADA  ET  SUR-TOUT  LA  BAIE  D'HUDSON."  Audubon,  Birds 
of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  130,  pi.  236. 

Open  country  and  edges  of  woods;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  winter  resident;  supposed  breeding  records 
refer  to  L.  I.  migrans.  Oct.  15- April  17. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  winter  resident  at  lower  elevations.  Nov. 
12-April. 

VT. —  Uncommon  winter  resident.     Fall-April  13. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  winter  resident.  (Oct.  6)  Oct.  12-April 
16  (May). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon,  irregular  winter  resident.     Nov.  28-Mar.  23. 

CONN. —  Irregular  winter  resident,  sometimes  common.  Oct. 
29-Mar.  24  (April  11). 

326.  LANIUS  LUDOVICIANUS  Linne". 
Loggerhead  shrike. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p;  134.  "IN  LUDOVICIA." 
Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1904,  pt.  3,  p.  241.  Audubon, 
Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  pi.  237. 

Open  country;  nests  in  trees. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  South  Norwalk,  Feb.  17,  1905 
(J.  A.  Allen). 


AVES.  177 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

LANIIDAE. 

327.  LANIUS  LUDOVICIANUS  MIGRANS  W.  Palmer. 

Migrant  shrike;     Butcher-bird;     Cricket  hawk;     Grasshopper 
hawk;   Joree;   Mouse  hawk. 

W.  Palmer,  Auk,  1898,  vol.  15,  p.  248.  "KINGSTON,  ONTARIO." 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  figs.  11, 12. 

Orchards  and  open  tree  growth;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  (Mar.  1)  Mar  24— 
Sept.  (Nov.  17).  Eggs,  May  5-25. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  valley  country;  acci- 
dental in  winter.  Mar.  20-Sept.  (Jan.  20,  Concord).  Eggs, 
April  26-May  5. 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  Mar.  3-fall.  Eggs, 
April  28-May  23. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  in  western  part,  rare  summer  resi- 
dent; very  rare  in  winter.  Mar.  29-Nov.  27  (Dec.  19,  Jan.,  Feb.). 
Eggs,  May  10  (Williamstown). 

R.  L—  Rare  migrant.     ( ?  Spring) ;  Aug.  29-Sept.  2. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant  and  winter  resident  (Portland,  Nov.  1876; 
Saybrook,  Jan.,  1879);  possibly  a  rare  summer  resident  (Mt. 
Carmel,  May  24,  1873).  Spring-(May  24);  Aug.  29-winter. 

VIREONIDAE. 

328.  VIREOSYLVA  OLIVACEA  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 

Red-eyed  Vireo;   Politician;   Preacher;   Red-eyed  greenlet. 

Muscicapa  olivacea  Linne",  Syst.  nat,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  327. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Vireo  olivaceus  (Linne).  DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844,  vol. 
2,  p.  124,  pi.  36,  fig.  79.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  figs.  4,  5. 

Orchards  and  deciduous  shade  and  forest  trees;  nest  pensile  in 
trees  or  bushes. 


178  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

VIREONIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  (May  1)  May  7— Oct.  2 
(Oct.  11).  Eggs, -June  29. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  below  3000  ft.  May  8- 
Sept.  30. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  9-fall. 

MASS.^  Common  summer  resident.  May  4-Oct.  11  (Oct.  26; 
Nov.  2,  1870,  Watertown).  Eggs,  May  25- July  20. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  29)  May-Sept.  24 
(Oct.  11).  Eggs,  May  28-June  6. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  6-Oct.  2.  Eggs, 
June  1-12. 

329.       VlREOSYLVA  PHILADELPHIA   CaSSUl. 

Philadelphia  Vireo;   Brotherly-love  Vireo. 

Cass.,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1851,  vol.  5,  p.  153,  pi.  10, 
fig.  2.  "NEAR  PHILADELPHIA." 

Vireo  philadelphicus  (Cass.).  Dwight,  Auk,  1897,  vol.  14,  p. 
269,  pi.  2.  Egg,  Brewster,  Auk,  1905,  vol.  22,  pi.  11. 

Open  deciduous  growth,  especially  of  birch  and  poplar;  nest 
pensile  in  trees  or  bushes. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  northern  part  (Bucks- 
port,  Lake  Umbagog).  May  21-Oct.  2.  Eggs,  June  15. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  north  of  White  Mts.,  else- 
where rare  migrant.  May  26-Sept.  29. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant:  Breadloaf,  Sept.  19,  1900;  Morrisville; 
Pittsford,  Sept.  11,  1889.  (Reported  nesting  at  Brattleboro,  June, 
1901.)  May;  Sept.  11-19. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant.     May  (?  10)-17;  Sept.  7-27. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant:  Drown ville,  May  31,  1891;  West  Green- 
wich, May  21,  1902. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant:  New  Haven,  May  19,  1888;  Portland, 
Sept.  21,  1893,  Sept.  17,  1894;  (?  Stratford,  "Vireo  gilvus .  .  .  . 
under  parts.  .  .  .mostly  bright  yellow"). 


AVES.  179 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

VIREONIDAE. 

330.  VIREOSYLVA  GILVA  (Vieillot)  Cassin. 
Warbling  Vireo. 

Muscicapa  gilva  Vieill.,  Hist  nat.  ois.  Am£r.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  1, 
p.  65,  pi.  34.  "L'ETAT  DE  NEW-YORCK." 

Vireo  gihus  (Vieill.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer., 
1895,  p.  329.  Dwight,  Auk,  1897,  vol.  14,  pi.  2.  Egg,  Capen, 
1886,  pi.  7,  fig.  6. 

Orchard  and  shade  trees,  especially  elms;  nest  pensile  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  May  5-Sept.  15 
(Oct.  7).  . 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt. 
valleys.  May  1-Sept.  17. 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.     May  3- 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  24,  1908,  Auburn- 
dale)  April  29-Sept.  26.  Eggs,  May  30- June  11. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident,  especially  of  village  shade 
trees.  May  5-Sept.  25.  Eggs,  May  28-30. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  20,  1898,  Jewett 
City)  April  29-Oct.  13  (Oct.  25,  1900,  Hartford).  Eggs,  June 
2-17. 

331.  LANIVIREO  FLAVIFRONS  (Vieillot)  Lawrence. 
Yellow-throated  Vireo. 

Vireo  flavifrons  Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Amer.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  1, 
p.  85,  pi.  54.  "ETATS-UNIS."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842, 
vol.  4,  p.  141,  pi.  238.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  figs.  7,  8. 

Orchard  and  shade  trees  and  edges  of  woods;  nest  pensile  in 
trees. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident  in  southwestern  counties.  Mar. 
12-Sept. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  becoming  rare  north  to 
White  Mt.  valleys.  May  8-Sept.  Eggs,  June  14. 


180  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

VIREONIDAE. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  (East  Bethel). 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident  becoming  local  in  western 
part.  May  1-Sept.  19.  Eggs,  May  24-June  17. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  1-Sept.  Eggs,  May 
24-June  2. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  6- 
Sept  17.  Eggs,  May  21-June  11. 

332.  LANIVIREO  SOLITARIUS  (Wilson)  Allen. 

Blue-headed  Vireo;  Solitary  Vireo. 

• 
Muscicapa  solitaria  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  143, 

pi.  17,  fig.  6.     "NEAR  PHILADELPHIA." 

Vireo  solitarius  Vieill.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4, 
p.  144,  pi.  239.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  fig.  9. 

Cool  mixed  woods;  nest  pensile  in  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  mainly  in  northern  part. 
(April  24)  April  28-Oct.  6  (Nov.). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  up  to  3000  ft.  April  29- 
Oct.  7.  Eggs,  May  29-late  June. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident,  becom- 
ing local  in  south  and  east.  (April  11,  1908,  Stoughton)  April 
14-Oct.  17.  Eggs,  May  13- June  26. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  local  summer  resident 
(Washington,  West  Greenwich) .  April  23-Oct.  22.  Eggs,  May  15- 
June  15. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident  (East- 
ford,  near  New  Haven,  Norfolk,  West  Simsbury).  Late  April-Oct. 
13.  Eggs,  May  27-June  23. 

333.  VIREO  GRISEUS  (Boddaert)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
White-eyed  Vireo;   White-eye. 

Tanagra  grisea  Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist.  nat.,  1783, 
p.  45.  Based  on  Buffon. 


AVES.  181 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

VIREONIDAE. 

Vireo  noveboracensis  (GmeL).     DeKay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844, 
vol.  2,  p.  122,  pi.  36,  fig.  78.     Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  7,  fig.  10. 
Bushy  thickets;  nest  pensile  in  bushes. 

ME. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

N.  H. —  Several  unsatisfactory  records:  Chesterfield,  Man- 
chester. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  Brattleboro;  ?  St.  Johnsbury,  various 
records  (Clark);  Townshend,  1893. 

MASS. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  near  coast  and  in  southern 
valleys  (Sheffield).  May  2-Sept.  27  (Oct.  30).  Eggs,  May  22- 
June  18. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  May  7-Sept.  18. 
Eggs,  June  2,  3. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident  in  southern  part  and  Con- 
necticut valley.  May  2-Sept.  Eggs,  June  9-12. 

334.  VIREO  BELLII  Audubon 
Bell's  Vireo. 

Aud.,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1844,  vol.  7,  p.  333,  pi.  485.     "SHORES 

AND  PRAIRIES  OF  THE  UPPER  MISSOURI." 

Bushy  thickets;  nest  pensile  in  bushes  or  low  trees. 
N.  H.— Accidental  visitor:  Durham,  Nov.  19,  1897. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

335.  MNIOTILTA  VARIA  (Linne")  Vieillot. 

Black  and  white  warbler;  Black  and  white  creeper. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  39,  pi.  2,  figs.  4,  5. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  figs.  2,  3. 

Motacilla  varia  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  333. 
"IN  JAMAICA,  DOMINICA." 

Deciduous  and  mixed  woods;  nests  on  the  ground. 


182  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  local  summer  resident.  (April  27) 
May  3-Oct.  5.  Eggs,  May  25- June  21. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident  at 
lower  altitudes.  April  27-Sept.  29.  Eggs,  June  24. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  5-fall. 
Eggs,  June  20. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
(April  18)  April  28-Oct.  29  (Dec.  5).  Eggs,  May  17-June  22. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
(April  15)  May  1-Oct.  7.  Eggs,  May  21,  23. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
(April  20)  April  25-Oct.  10.  Eggs,  May  20-June  4. 

336.  PROTONOTARIA  CITREA  (Boddaert)  Baird. 
Prothonotary  warbler;    Golden  swamp  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  54,  pi.  3,  fig.  3-4. 

Motacilla  citrea  Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist.  nat., 
1783,  p.  44.  Description  in  Buffon:  "LouisiANiE." 

Bushy  and  tree-grown  swamps;  nests  generally  in  cavities  of 
stumps  or  dead  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:   Calais,  Oct.  30,  1862. 
VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 
MASS. —  Accidental  visitor.     May  1-Sept.  15. 
R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:    Lonsdale,  April  29,  1892,  April  19, 
1893;  South  Kingston,  April  20  or  21,  1884. 

337.  HELMITHEROS  VERMIVORUS  (Gmelin)  Bonaparte. 
Worm-eating  warbler. 

Motacilla  mervimora[=  vermivora]  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1, 
pt.  2,  p.  951.  "IN  PENSILVANIA." 

Helinaia  vermivora  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  2,  p.  86,  pi.  105.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  fig.  6. 


AVES.  183 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

Dry  wooded  slopes  and  ravines  with  undergrowth;  nests  on  the 
ground. 

ME.,  N.  H. —  Unsatisfactorily  recorded. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:   St.  Albans,  1891. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Cambridge,  Sept.  19,  1881;  East- 
hampton;  Salem  Willows,  April  14-16,  1902;  Taunton,  May  9, 
1890. 

CONN. —  Rare  summer  resident.  May  10-Aug.  22.  Eggs,  (New 
Haven,  Saybrook)  May  25-June  19. 

338.  HELMINTHOPHILA  PINUS  (Linne)  Ridgway. 
Blue-winged  warbler;   Blue-winged  yellow  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  65,  pi.  5,  fig.  1-2.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  fig.  7. 

Certhia  pinus  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  187. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONAL:." 

Low  woods  and  sprout  land;  nests  on  the  ground. 

VT. —  Unsatisfactorily  recorded. 

MASS. —  Very  rare  visitor.     May  12-17  (?  29). 

R.  I. —  Very  rare  summer  resident:  nest  at  Gloucester,  May  30, 
1890. ' 

CONN. —  Locally  common  summer  resident  in  southern  part 
and  Connecticut  valley.  (May  2)  May  9-late  Aug.  Eggs,  May 
20-June  20. 

339.  HELMINTHOPHILA  CHRYSOPTERA  (Linne*)  Ridgway. 
Golden-winged  warbler. 

•     Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,   1907,  p.  60,  pi.  5,  fig.  5-6. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  fig.  8. 

Motacilla  chrysoptera  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p. 
333.  "IN  PENSYLVANIA." 

Low  bushy  growths  and  sprout  lands;  nests  on  the  ground. 


184  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

N.  H. —  Rare  in  spring  and  early  summer  in  southernmost  part ; 
may  breed.  May,  June. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant;  ?  "rare  summer  resident"  (Perkins). 
Spring;  (Oct.  26,  1907,  Woodstock). 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  mainly  in  eastern  part. 
(May  4)  May  7-Sept.  1  (Oct.  8).  Eggs,  June  1-20. 

R.  I. —  Rare  summer  resident. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  (May  3)  May  12- 
Aug.  24.  Eggs,  May  29-June  4. 

340.    HELMINTHOPHILA  RUBRICAPILLA  (Wilson)  Faxon. 
Nashville  warbler. 

Sylvia  rubricapilla  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  3,  p.  120,  pi. 
27,  fig.  3;  vol.  6,  p.  xv.  "TENNESEE.  . .  .NOT  FAR  FROM  NASH- 
VILLE." 

Helinaia  rubricapilla  (Wils.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  2,  p.  103,  pi.  113.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  figs.  9,  10. 

Open  woodland  and  thickets  bordering  swamps;  nests  on  the 
ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  30)  May 
4r-Sept.  27  (Oct.  4).  Eggs,  June  3- July  10. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  up  to  4500  ft. 
(April  30)  May  4r-Sept.  13.  Eggs,  May  25-June  8. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     May  3-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident, 
accidental  in  winter.  (April  20,  28)  May  2-Sept.  25  (Oct.  14; 
Jan.  1890,  Swampscott).  Eggs,  May  21- June  21. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  summer  resident. 
May  4-Sept.  17.  Eggs,  May  22- June  1. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  summer  resident. 
(April  22,  1889,  Bridgeport)  May  5-Sept.  Eggs,  May  30- June  8. 


AVES.  185 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

341.     HELMINTHOPHILA  CELATA  (Say)  Ridgway. 
Orange-crowned  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  86,  pi.  7,  figs.  3,  4. 
Sylvia  celatus  Say,  Long's  Exped.  to  Rocky  Mts.,  1823,  vol.  1, 
p.  169.     "ENGINEER  CANTONMENT,"  IOWA. 

Wooded  and  bushy  country;  nests  on  or  near  theground. 

ME. —  Unsatisfactorily  accredited  (Brunswick). 

N.  H. —  Very  rare  migrant:  Hollis,  May  16,  1876  (nee  Isles  of 
Shoals). 

MASS. —  Very  rare  spring  and  late  fall  migrant;  accidental  in 
winter.  May  15  (Springfield);  Sept.  30-Nov.  29  (Jan.  1,  1875, 
Lynn). 

R.  I. —  Very  rare  spring  and  late  fall  migrant:  Cranston,  Dec. 
3,  1874;  East  Providence,  May  9,  1891. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.  May  8,  1888  (East  Hartford) ;  Oct.- 
Nov. 

342:    HELMINTHOPHILA  PEREGRINA  (Wilson)  Ridgway. 
Tennessee  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  83,  pi.  7,  figs.  1,  2. 
Sylvia  peregrina  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  3,  p.  83,  pi.  25, 

fig;  2.     "BANKS  OF  THE  CUMBERLAND  RIVER, TENNESEE." 

Dense  thickets  and  edges  of  woods;  nests  near  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  in  northern  part,  a  rare  summer  resi- 
dent. May  15-26;  summer.  Eggs,  June  4. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  and  from  White  Mts.  north,  a  rare  local 
summer  resident  (Franconia,  Lake  Umbagog).  May  20-Sept.  9. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant  and  possible  summer  resident  (Mt.  Holly, 
two  pairs,  June,  1897,  above  2000  ft.). 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  possibly  a  very  rare  summer  resident 
(Mt.  Greylock,  July  15  and  16,  1888;  ?  Springfield,  very  doubtful). 
May  10-30;  (July  15,  16);  Aug.-Sept.  10. 


186  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

R.  I.— Rare  migrant.     May  18;  Sept.  18. 
CONN. —  Rare    migrant.     May    19-27    (June    8);     Sept.    24- 
(?Nov.,  Clark). 

343.  COMPSOTHLYPIS  AMERICANA  USNEAE  BreWSter. 

Northern  Parula  warbler;    Blue  yellow-backed  warbler;   Usnea 
warbler. 

Brewst.,  Auk,  1896,  vol.  13,  p.  44.  "LAKE  UMBAGOG,  MAINE." 
Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  104,  pi.  8,  fig.  1-3.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  figs.  4,  5. 

Forests  and  open  tree  growth;  nests  in  pendulous  masses  of 
Usnea  lichen. 

ME.- —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  local  summer  resident. 
May  5-Sept.  30.  Eggs,  May  31-June  17. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident 
below  3000  ft.  (April  30)  May  3-Oct.  1.  Eggs,  May  31-June  12. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
May  2-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer  resi- 
dent. (April  25)  May  1-Oct.  10  (Nov.  19,  1881,  Cambridge). 
Eggs,  May  30-July  5. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  local  summer  resident. 
April  30-Oct.  7.  Eggs,  June  2-5. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  local  summer  resi- 
dent. May  2-Oct.  15  (Oct.  20).  Eggs,  (May  18)  May  29- June 
22  (Aug.). 

344.  DENDROICA  TIGRINA  (Gmelin)  Baird. 
Gape  May  warbler. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  352. '  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  fig.  15. 

Motacilla  tigrina  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  985. 
"CANADA." 


AVES.  187 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

Sylvicola  maritime  Wils.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol. 
2,  p.  44,  pi.  85. 

Northern  coniferous  forests  in  summer,  and  open  tree  growth  in 
migration;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  rare  summer  resident. 
May  6-24;  summer- Aug.  22. 

N.  H. —  Rare  migrant  and  north  of  White  Mts.  a  rare  summer 
resident  (Franconia,  June  3).  May  10-Sept. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant  and  ( ?)  summer  resident  (Mt.  Killington, 
Ross). 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant.  (May  2)  May  10-25;  Aug.  18-Sept. 
15  (Oct.  9). 

R.  I.—  Rare  migrant.     May  13-20;  Sept. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.     May  8-26;   Aug.  28. 

345.     DENDROICA  AESTIVA  (Gmelin)  Baird. 

Yellow  warbler;  Cotton  wren;  Garden  warbler;  Golden 
warbler;  Spy-about;  Summer  yellow-bird;  Wild  canary; 
Yellow-belly;  Yellow-bird. 

Motacilla  aestiva  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  996. 

"IN  GUJANA,  AESTATE  IN  CANADA." 

Sylvicola  aestiva  (Gmel.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  2,  p.  50,  pi.  88.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  fig.  11-14. 

Orchards,  shade  trees,  and  bushy  swamps;  nests  in  trees  and 
bushes. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  30)  May  3-Sept. 
10.  Eggs,  May  29- June  30  (July). 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  of  valleys  and  bottom- 
lands; rare  from  White  Mts.  north.  May  4-Sept.  11.  Eggs, 
June  7. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident  of  valleys  and  bottomlands. 
May  4-Sept. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     (April  23) 


188  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

May  1-Sept.  30  (Nov.  28,  1891,  Cambridge).  Eggs,  May  20- 
June  14. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  17,  29)  May  1-Sept. 
Eggs,  May  25-June  4. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  30) 
May  1-Sept.  Eggs,  May  20-June  30. 

346.  DENDROICA  CAERULESCENS  (Gmelin)  Baird. 
Black-throated  blue  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  133,  pi.  9,  fig.  1-3. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  fig.  1. 

Motacilla  caerulescens  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p. 
960.  "IN  INSULA  S.  DOMINICI." 

Thickets  and  forest  undergrowth;  nests  near  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
May  4-late  Oct.  Eggs,  June  10. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  and  from  White  Mts.  north  a  less 
common  summer  resident,  becoming  rare  and  local  south.  May  10- 
Oct.  10.  Eggs,  June  19. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  northern  part.  May  5- 
fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  at  higher  elevations  of  western 
part  (Granville,  Russell,  and  north)  a  less  common  summer  resi- 
dent. May  5- June  3;  summer;  Aug.  26-Oct.  11  (Nov.  3,  19). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  14-22;  fall-Oct.  17. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident  (Eastford, 
Litchfield).  (April  29)  May  10-summer;  Sept.-Oct.  19.  Eggs, 
June  6-13. 

347.  DENDROICA  CORONATA  (Linne*)  Gray. 

Myrtle  warbler;    Golden-crowned  warbler;    Willow  warbler; 
Yellow-ramped  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  141,  pi.  10,  fig.  1-3. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  fig.  2-4. 


AVES.  189 

PASSERES.  OSC1NES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

Motacilla  coronata  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  333. 
"PENSYLVANIA." 

Coniferous  woods,  and  in  migration,  open  tree  growth;  nests  in 
trees.  * 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  south  to  Scarboro  a  less  common 
summer  resident;  rare  winter  resident  (Cape  Elizabeth).  April  15- 
Oct.  30  (winter).  Eggs,  May  30- June  11. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  local  south  of 
White  Mts.  (Mar.  5,  Mar.  20)  April  23-May  28;  summer;  Sept.- 
Oct.  23  (Nov.  30).  Eggs,  May  31- June  7. 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  and  uncommon  summer  resident 
(south  to  Brattleboro).  April  12-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  and  in  higher  parts  of  western  coun- 
ties an  uncommon  summer  resident  (to  Mt.  Wachusett) ;  near  the 
coast  a  regular  local  winter  resident  in  small  numbers.  April  13- 
May30;  summer;  Aug.  21-Nov.  26;  winter. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident. 
Sept.  7-May  10. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  winter  resident. 
April  8-May  20;  Sept.  20-Nov.  10;  winter. 

348.  DENDROICA  AUDUBONI  (Townsend)  Baird. 
Audubon's  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  147,  pi.  10,  fig.  4-6. 
Sylvia  auduboni  Towns.,   Journ.   acad.  nat.  sci.   Phila.,   1837, 
vol.  7,  p.  191.     "FORESTS  OF  THE  COLUMBIA  RIVER." 
Coniferous  woods;   nests  in  trees. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Cambridge,  Nov.  15,  1876. 
CONN. —  Doubtfully  recorded:  New  Haven,  May  6  and  8,  1893 
(A.  H.  Verrill). 

349.  DENDROICA  MAGNOLIA  (Wilson)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Magnolia  warbler;  Black  and  yellow  warbler;  Spotted  warbler. 

Sylvia  magnolia  Wilson,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  3,  p.  63,  pi. 


190  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

23,  fig.  2.  "BANKS  OF  THE  LITTLE  MIAMI  NEAR  ITS  JUNCTION 
WITH  THE  OHIO";  and  "NOT  FAR  FROM  FORT  ADAMS  ON  THE 
MISSISSIPPI." 

Dendroica  maculosa  (Gmel.).  Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer., 
1907,  p.  121,  pi.  11,  fig.  1-3.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  figs.  12,  14. 

Coniferous  and  mixed  thickets  near  streams  in  summer,  wood- 
lands generally  in  migration;  nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  less  common 
summer  resident.  May  6-Sept.  26.  Eggs,  May  30- June  16. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant;  uncommon  local  summer  resident 
south  of  White  Mts.,  commoner  north,  to  3000  ft.  May  9-Oct.  3. 
Eggs,  May  24-June  20. 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  local  summer  resident. 
May  14-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northwestern  counties  a  less 
common  local  summer  resident.  (May  4)  May  7-30;  summer; 
Aug.  25-Oct.  9.  Eggs,  June  15. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     May  14-25;   Sept.-Oct.  8. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     May  9-June  1;  Sept.  15-Oct.  1. 

350.     DENDROICA  CERULEA  (Wilson)  Baird. 
Cerulean  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  170,  pi.  9,  fig.  4-6. 
Sylvia  caerulea  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  141,  pi.  17, 
fig.  5.     "PENNSYLVANIA." 
High  tree  tops;  nests  in  trees. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:    Cohasset,  1874. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Lonsdale,  May  14,  1893;  Pawtucket, 
May  22,  1879;  Providence,  May  22,  1878. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  Seymour,  May  10,.  1888;  Stratford, 
April,  1841;  Suffield,  June  12,  1875. 


AVES.  191 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

351.  DENDROICA  PENSYLVANICA  (Linne*)  Baird. 
Chestnut-sided  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  187,  pi.  12,  fig.  4-6. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  figs.  11,  12. 

Motacilla  pensylvanica  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1, 
p.  333.  "IN  PENSYLVANIA." 

Brushy  thickets,  clearings,  and  sproutlands;  nests  in  low  bushes. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  6-Sept.  8. 
Eggs,  June  4- July  4. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident,  mainly  at 
lower  elevations.  May  6-Sept.  25.  Eggs,  May  26-June  6. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     Eggs,  June  6. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  28, 
1908,  Stoughton)  May  2-Sept.  20.  Eggs,  May  2fr-June  17. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  1-Sept.  7. 
Eggs,  May  22-June  4. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  4-Sept. 
Eggs,  May  23- June  15. 

352.  DENDROICA  STRIATA  (Forster)  Baird. 
Black-poll  warbler;   Autumnal  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  196,  pi.  2,  fig.  1-3. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  figs.  7,  8. 

Muscicapa  striata  Forst.,  Phil,  trans,  roy.  soc.  London,  1772, 
vol.  62,  pp.  406,  428.  "SEVERN  RIVER.  . .  .AD  SINUM  HUDSONIS." 

Spruce  and  fir  forests  in  summer,  and  tree  growth  generally  in 
migrations;  nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  and  in  northern  part,  a  common  sum- 
mer resident.  May  9- June  9;  summer-Oct.  10.  Eggs,  June 
15-early  July. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  from  White  Mts.  north,  a  com- 


192  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

mon  summer  resident  mainly  above  3000  ft.  May  8-Oct.  10. 
Eggs,  June  28. 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  and  on  higher  mountains  an  uncommon 
summer  resident  (Killington  Peak,  Mt.  Mansfield,  Stratton  Mt.). 

MASS. —  Common  migrant;  may  breed  rarely  (young  at  North 
Adams,  August).  (April  15)  May  8-June  14;  (Aug.  17,  1886, 
Concord)  Sept.  1-Nov.  7. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.  May  10-31  (June  17);  Sept.  3-Oct. 
23. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     May  11- June  5;  Sept.  10-Oct.  26. 

353.     DENDROICA  BLACKBURNIAE  (Gmelin)  Baird. 
Blackburn! an  warbler;   Hemlock  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  175,  pi.  3,  figs.  1,  2. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  figs.  5,  6. 

Motacilla  blackburniae  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p. 
977.  "IN  NOVEBORACO." 

High  coniferous  and  mixed  woods,  especially  hemlock  and  white 
pine;  nests  in  tree  tops. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  in  southern  counties,  elsewhere  an  uncom- 
mon local  summer  resident.  (May  4)  May  6-Sept.  17.  Eggs, 
June  5-15. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  south  of  White  Mts., 
thence  commoner  up  to  3000  ft.  (May  3)  May  8-Sept.  10.  Eggs, 
June  4^15. 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident.  (May  2)  May  7- 
summer. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  summer  resident  in  eastern,  com- 
moner in  northwestern  part.  (May  2)  May  6-30;  summer;  Sept. 
7-23  (Oct.  10).  Eggs,  June  5-26. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  14;  Sept.-Oct. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  summer  resident.  May  5- 
27;  summer;  Sept.  15-Oct.  3  (Nov.  8,  1907,  New  Haven). 


AVES.  193 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

354.  DENDROICA  CASTANEA  '  (Wilson)  Baird. 
Bay-breasted  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  192,  pi.  12,  fig.  1-3. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  4,  figs.  9,  10. 

Sylvia  castanea  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  97,  pi.  14, 
fig.  4.  "PENNSYLVANIA." 

Spruce  and  fir  forests  in  summer,  tree  tops  generally  in  migration ; 
nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  rare  summer  resident. 
(May  8)  May  14-Aug.  Eggs,  June  8-15. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  from  White  Mts.  north  an 
uncommon  summer  resident  from  2-4000  ft.  May  14-Sept. 
Eggs,  June  3. 

VT. —  Rare  migrant. 

MASS. —  Usually  rare,  but  sometimes  common  migrant.  May  8— 
May  28  (June  19;  July  2,  Springfield);  Aug.  23-Oct.  8. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  9-     ;  Sept. 

CONN. —  Migrant,  irregularly  rare  or  common.  May  15-30; 
Sept.  30-Oct.  17. 

355.  DENDROICA  DOMINICA  (Linne)  Baird. 
Yellow-throated  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  180,  pi.  13,  figs.  1,  2. 
Motacilla  dominica  Linne*,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  334. 
"JAMAICA,  DOMINICA." 

Tree  growth  bordering  streams  or  bayous;   nests  in  trees. 

VT. —  Recorded  from  Lunenburg,  1878. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Dedham,  Nov.  4,  1866;  Springfield, 
May,  1892. 

CONN. —  Accidental  visitor:  Connecticut  valley,  "several"; 
New  Haven. 


194  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

356.  DENDROICA  VIRENS  (Gmelin)  Baird. 
Black-throated  green  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  157,  pi.  14,  fig.  1-3. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  fig.  15. 

Motacilla  virens  GmeL,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  985. 
"  PENSILVANIA." 

Forest  trees,  particularly  white  pines;  nests  in  coniferous  trees 
(once  "on  the  ground/'  Brewster). 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  28-Oct. 
13.  Eggs,  May  30-July  1. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  mainly  below 
3000  ft.  (April  26)  May  1-Oct.  25.  Eggs,  June  2. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     May  2-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  20) 
May  1-Oct.  19  (Nov.  3).  Eggs,  May  30-June  18. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  25) 
May  1-Oct.  13.  Eggs,  June  10. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  local  summer  resi- 
dent. (April  27)  May  1-23;  summer;  Sept.  15-Oct.  20.  Eggs, 
May  21-June  18. 

357.  DENDROICA  VIGORSII  (Audubon)  Stejneger. 
Pine  warbler;   Pine-creeping  warbler. 

Sylvia  vigorsii  Aud.,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1832,  vol.  1,  p.  153,  pi.  30. 

"A    SMALL    ISLAND    OF    PERKIOMING    CREEK,  ....  PENNSYLVANIA." 

Sylvicola  pinus  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  2, 
p.  37,  pi.  82.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  5,  figs.  2,  3. 

Coniferous  woods,  especially  pitch-pine  groves;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  local  summer  resident 
mainly  in  southern  counties.  April  5-Oct.  21.  Eggs,  June- July  6. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mts. 
April  6-Sept.  30. 


AVES.  195 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

VT. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  in  southern  part.  April 
17-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  accidental  in 
winter.  (Mar.  29)  April  1-Nov.  25  (winter).  Eggs,  May  8- June 
16;  July  (2d  brood). 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident  of  pitch-pine  groves.  April 
9-Oct.  29  (Nov.  15).  Eggs,  May  25. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  April  14- 
Sept.  29. 

358.  DENDROICA  PALMARUM  (Gmelin)  Baird. 
Palm  warbler;   Redpoll  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  213,  pi.  16,  figs.  4,  5. 

Motacilla  palmarum  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  951. 
"IN  INSULA  S.  DOMINICI." 

Open  tree  or  bushy  growth,  and  edges  of  fields;  nests  on  the 
ground. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant  (a  doubtful  spring  record, 
Manchester,  May  9,  1900).  Sept.  7-16. 

VT. —  Rare  fall  migrant. 

MASS.— Rare  fall  migrant.  Sept.  7-Oct.  28  (Dec..  6,  1902, 
Belmont). 

R.  I.— Rare  fall  migrant:   Westerly,  Sept.  21,  1896. 

CONN. —  Rare  fall  migrant;  once  recorded  in  winter  (Jan.  1880, 
at  New  Haven).  Sept.  19-Oct.  10  (Jan.). 

359.  DENDROICA  PALMARUM  HYPOCHRYSEA  Ridgway. 

Yellow  palm  warbler;    Twitch-tail  warbler;    Yellow  redpoll 
warbler. 

Ridgw.,  Bull.  Nuttall  ornith.  club,  1876,  vol.  1,  p.  85.  "CAM- 
BRIDGE, MASS/' 

Sylvicola  petechia  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  2,  p.  55,  pi.  90. 


196  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

Swamps,  edges  of  woods,  or  open  country;  nests  on  or  near  the 
ground. 

ME. —  Common  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant  and  local 
summer  resident.  April  11-May  20;  summer;  Sept.  17-Oct.  20 
(Oct.  27,  Nov.  2).  Eggs,  May  27- June  26. 

N.  H. —  Common  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  April  13- 
May  11;  Sept.  16-Oct.  9. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant. 

MASS. —  Common  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant ;  said  to 
have  wintered.  (Mar.  28,  1908,  Hyde  Park;  April  5)  April  13- 
May  21;  Sept.  5-Oct.  26. 

R.  I. —  Common  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  April  5- 
22;  Sept.  15-26. 

CONN. —  Common  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.  April  9— 
May  5;  Oct.  18-Nov.  4. 

.360.     DENDROICA  DISCOLOR  (Vieillot)  Baird. 
Prairie  warbler. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  364.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  5,  fig.  1. 

Sylvia  discolor  Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Amer.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  2, 
p.  37,  pi.  98.  "ETATS-UNIS  ET  LES  GRANDS  ILES  ANTILLES." 

Sylvicola  discolor  (Vieill.).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  2,  p.  68,  pi.  97. 

Dry  bush-grown  fields  and  sproutlands;  nests  in  bushes. 

N.  H. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  in  southern  part  (Hollis, 
Manchester). 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:   Uxbridge,  Dec.  4,  1884. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  summer  resident,  mainly  near  coast;  acci- 
dental in  winter  (South  Yarmouth,  Jan.  2,  1909).  May  2-Sept. 
25  (Jan.  2).  Eggs,  May  28-June  18. 

R.  I. —  Common  local  summer  resident.  May  4-Sept.  (Dec. 
4,  1884,  Providence).  Eggs,  May  27- June  14. 


AVES.  197 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.  (April  27)  May  1- 
Sept.  15.  Eggs,  May  27-June  25. 

361.  SEIURUS  AUROCAPILLUS  (Linne)  Swainson. 
Oven-bird;    Golden- crowned  thrush. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  365;  Allen, 
Auk,  1894,  vol.  11,  pi.  2.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  5,  figs.  4,  5. 

Motacilla  aurocapilla  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p. 
334.  "IN  PENSYLVANIA." 

Forests  and  groves;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  23) 
May  5-Sept.  28.  Eggs,  May  30-June  10  (July  29). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  below  3000  ft. 
May  3-Oct.  2.  Eggs,  June  2-July  5. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  5-fall. 
Eggs,  June  7. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  30) 
May  2-Sept.  27  (Dec.  30,  1881,  Watertown).  Eggs,  May  17- 
June  16  (July  8). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  2- 
Sept.  28.  Eggs,  May  19-30. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  ^April  26) 
May  3-Sept.  Eggs,  May  20-July  10. 

362.  SEIURUS  NOVEBORACENSIS  (Gmelin)  Bonaparte. 

Water-thrush;    New  York  Accentor;    Northern  water-thrush; 
Wagtail  warbler;   Water  wagtail. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1902,  pt.  2,  p.  642.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  5,  figs.  6,  7. 

Motacilla  noveboracensis  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2, 
p.  958.  "IN  LOUISIANA,  &  NOVEBORACI  SEPIBUS." 

Turdus  aquations  Wils.  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1839,  vol.  5, 
p.  284,  pi.  433,  fig.  7. 


198  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTTLTIDAE. 

Swampy  woods  and  borders  of  streams;  nests  on  the  ground  or 
among  tree  roots. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  less  common 
local  summer  resident.  (April  28)  May  6-Sept.  25.  Eggs,  May 
28-June  23. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident, 
local  at  lower  elevations  south  of  White  Mts.  (April  30)  May  3- 
Sept.  26. 

VT. —  Common  migrant,  and  mainly  in  northern  part,  a  less  com- 
mon summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  local  summer  resident 
(near  Boston,  Lancaster).  (April  25)  May  2- June  5;  summer; 
Aug.  1-Oct.  16.  Eggs,  May  21. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  local  summer  resident  (Wash- 
ington Co.).  May  7-(summer);  Aug.  12-Sept.  15.  Eggs,  May 
19,  20. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     (May  1)  May  5-27;  Aug.-Oct.  18. 

363.  SEIURUS  NOVEBORACENSIS  NOTABILIS  (Ridgway)  Ridgway. 
GrinnelTs  water-thrash. 

Siurus  naevius  notabilis  Ridgw.,  Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1880, 
vol.  3,  p.  12.  "BLACK  HILLS,  WYOMING." 

Vicinity  of  streams;  nests  on  or  near  the  ground. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant:  East  Haven,  Sept.  21,  1904;  Hamden, 
Sept.  7,  1904;  Orange,  May  20,  1905  (Bishop). 

364.  SEIURUS  MOTACILLA  (Vieillot)  Bonaparte. 
Louisiana  water-thrash;   Large-billed  water-thrash. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1902,  pt.  2,  p.  639. 

Turdus  motacilla  Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Amer.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  2, 
p.  9,  pi.  65.  "KENTUCKY." 

Turdus  ludovicianus  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1831,  vol.  1,  p. 
99,  pi.  19.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  5,  fig.  8. 


AVES.  199 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

Wooded  borders  of  streams;  nests  on  the  ground  or  among  tree 
roots. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Norway,  May,  1865  (nee  Waterville, 
1865). 

N.  H.—  Doubtfully  recorded  (Dublin). 

VT.—  Doubtfully  recorded  (Brattleboro,  "fall"). 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor  and  summer  resident  (Berkshire  Co.  and 
Connecticut  valley).  April  13- July  28. 

R.  I. —  Rare  summer  resident.     May  2.     Eggs,  May  15-28. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  in  southern  part.  (Feb. 
15,  1882,  ?  Saybrook)  April  13-July.  Eggs,  May  6-June  10. 

365.  OPORORNIS  FORMOSA  (Wilson)  Baird. 
Kentucky  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  235,  pi.  18,  figs.  1,  2. 
Sylvia  formosa  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  3,  p.  85,  pi.  25, 
fig.  3.     "KENTUCKY  AND  TENNESSEE." 

Undergrowth  of  swampy  woods;  nests  on  or  near  the  ground. 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor:  Lunenburg,  May  30,  1905;  also  a 
former  doubtful  record  (Taftsville,  May  19,  1884). 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:  Wellesley,  May  14,  1907;  also 
doubtfully  recorded  from  Lynn. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Newport,  spring  of  1890. 

CONN. —  Rare  summer  visitor  (Lyme;  Suffield,  Aug.  16,  1876; 
West  Stratford,  May  30,  1888)  and  summer  resident  (Greenwich, 
with  nestlings,  July  10,  1892). 

366.  OPORORNIS  AGILIS  (Wilson)  Baird. 
Connecticut  warbler. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  241,  pi.  18,  figs.  3,  4. 
Sylvia  agilis  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1812,  vol.  5,  p.  64,  pi.  39, 
fig.  4.     "CONNECTICUT." 


200  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

Tamarack  swamps,  and  in  migration,  damp  woods  and  thickets; 
nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  fall  migrant.  Sept.  5-20  (nee  Aug.  30,  1878,  Cape 
Elizabeth). 

N.  H  —  Rare  fall  migrant.     Sept.  6-Oct.  11. 

VT. —  Rare  (?  spring  and)  fall  migrant.  (?  Brattleboro,  May; 
?  Rutland,  April  24,  1879);  Sept.  20-30. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  fall  migrant  ( ?  accidental  in  spring).  (May 
1890,  West  Newton,  fide  Maynard);  Sept.  7-Oct.  9. 

R.  I.— Uncommon  fall  migrant.     Sept.  24-Oct.  2  (Nov.  12). 

CONN. —  Accidental  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant.   (Spring, 
Saybrook;  nee  New  Haven) ;  Sept.  15-Oct.  10. 

367.     OPORORNIS  PHILADELPHIA  (Wilson)  Ridgway. 
Mourning  warbler. 

Sylvia  Philadelphia  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  101, 
pi.  14,  fig.  6.  "WITHIN  A  FEW  MILES  OF  PHILADELPHIA." 

Trichas  Philadelphia  (Wils.).  De  Kay,  Zool.  New  York,  1844, 
vol.  2,  p.  81,  pi.  54,  fig.  122.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  5,  figs.  12,  13. 

Tangles  of  bushes,  vines,  and  briers;  nests  on  or  near  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant,  and  in  northern  part  an  uncommon 
summer  resident.  (May  16)  May  24-fall.  Eggs,  June  10-16. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  from  White  Mts.  north  an 
uncommon  summer  resident.  May  19-Sept.  13.  Eggs,  June  8. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  south  to 
Londonderry.  May  20-Sept.  20. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant  and  in  Berkshire  Co.,  a  rare  summer 
resident.  (May  14)  May  21-June  13;  summer;  Sept.  12-30. 

R.  I. —  Rare  migrant.     May  21-June  5;  Sept.  4. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.     May  12-27;    fall. 


AVES.  201 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

368.  GEOTHLYPIS  TRICHAS  (Linne")  Cabanis. 

Maryland  yellowthroat;    Black-masked  ground  warbler;    Yel- 
lowthroat. 

Turdus  trichas  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  293. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI." 

Geothlypis  trichas  brachidactyla  (Swains.).  Chapman,  Warblers 
No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  251,  pi.  20,  fig.  3-5.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  5, 
fig.  9-11. 

Weed  patches  and  thickets  near  water;  nests  on  or  near  the 
ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  6-Oct. 
13  (Oct.  22).  Eggs,  May  28-June  12. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  at  lower  eleva- 
tions. May  6-Oct.  7.  Eggs,  June  3-21. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     Eggs,  June  2. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  accidental  in 
winter.  (April  30)  May  2-Oct.  21  (winter).  Eggs,  May  24- 
June  17. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  22)-Oct. 
17.  Eggs,  May  25- June  5. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  29) 
May  4-Nov.  1.  Eggs,  May  22- June  18. 

369.  ICTERIA  VIRENS  (Linne")  Baird. 

Yellow-breasted  chat;    Ghost-bird  (Indian);   Yellow  chat. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  162,  pi.  244.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  5,  figs.  14,  15. 

Turdus  wrens  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  171. 
"AMERICA/' 

Bushy  thickets;  nests  in  low  bushes. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor  (five  instances).     June  6-Oct.  5. 


202  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

N.  H.—  Doubtfully  recorded. 

VT. —  Very  rare  summer  resident  in  extreme  south :  Pownall, 
June  16,  1896. 

MASS. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  near  coast  and  in  western 
valleys.  May  10-Sept.  10  (Oct.  26,  1907,  Lynnfield).  Eggs, 
May  18-June  18. 

R.  I. —  Locally  common  summer  resident  in  southern  part.  May 
3-Aug.  5.  Eggs,  May  31-June  13. 

CONN. —  Locally  common  summer  resident.  May  5-Aug. 
Eggs,  May  22-July  7. 

370.  WILSONIA  CITRINA  (Boddaert)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Hooded  warbler. 

Muscicapa  citrina  Bodd.,  Tabl.  d.  planch,  enlum.  d'hist.  nat., 
1783,  p.  41.  Based  on  Buffon. 

Wilsonia  mitrata  (Gmel.).  Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer., 
1907,  p.  269,  pi.  21,  fig.  1-3.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  fig.  1. 

Undergrowth  of  woods;  nests  in  bushes. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:   Falmouth,  Sept.  10,  1904. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Rare  visitor;  possibly  breeding  in  southwestern  valleys. 
May  8-Oct.  15  (June  25, 1879,  Brookline;  June  25,  1888,  Province- 
town). 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor:  Kingston. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  of  laurel  undergrowth. 
M.ay  2-Sept.  Eggs,  May  25- June  24. 

371.  WILSONIA  PUSILLA  (Wilson)  Bonaparte. 

Wilson's  warbler;   Black-capped  flycatching  warbler;   Wilson's 
blackcap. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  274,  pi.  22,  figs.  1,  2. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  fig.  2. 


AVES.  203 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

Muscicapa  pusilla  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1811,  vol.  3,  p.  103, 
pi.  26,  fig.  4.  "SOUTHERN  STATES,  AND.... NEW  JERSEY  AND 
DELAWARE." 

Bushy  growth  near  streams  or  in  swamps;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  summer  resident  (south  to 
Pittsfield).  May  7-June  5;  summer;  Aug.  18-Sept.  11  (Oct.). 
Eggs,  May  31- June  19. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  north  of  White  Mts.  a  rare 
local  summer  resident  (Lancaster).  May  9-29;  (summer); 
Aug.  15-Oct.  3.  Eggs,  June  6. 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant;    (? summer).     May  17;    Aug.  24. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant.  May  7-30  (June  1);  Aug.  23- 
Sept.  27  (Nov.  20,  1898,  Belmont). 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  15-22;    Sept.  (Nov.  30). 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  10-25;  Sept.  27. 

372.     WILSONIA  CANADENSIS  (Linne")  Coues. 
Canadian  warbler;   Canada  flycatcher. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  280,  pi  22,  fig.  3-5. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  figs.  3,  4. 

Muscicapa  canadensis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1, 
p.  327.  "CANADA." 

Wet  woods  or  thickets  along  streams ;  nests  on  or  near  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  25, 
Bangor;  May  7)  May  10-Sept.  12.  Eggs,  May  30. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer 
resident  below  3000  ft.  May  13-Sept.  13.  Eggs,  June  9-13. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  local  summer  resident. 
May  15-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident 
mainly  in  western  part.  May  9-Sept.  29.  Eggs,  June  9-26. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  uncommon  local  summer  resident. 
May  11-fall. 


204  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MNIOTILTIDAE. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  local  summer  resident 
(Portland).  (May  6)  May  12-fall.  Eggs,  May  30. 

373.  SETOPHAGA  RUTICILLA  (Linne)  Swainson. 
American  redstart. 

Chapman,  Warblers  No.  Amer.,  1907,  p.  287,  pi.  23,  fig.  1-3. 
Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  6,  fig.  5. 

Motacilla  ruticilla  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  186. 
"AMERICA." 

Orchards,  shade  and  forest  trees;  nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  4-Oct.  1 
(Oct.  13).  Eggs,  June  2-30. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  below  3000  ft. 
May  4-Oct.  5.  Eggs,  May  30- June  13. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.     May  8-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  13, 
23,  30)  May  4-Oct.  12  (Nov.  1,  1908,  Arnold  arboretum).  Eggs, 
May  29- June  21. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  1-Sept.  8. 
Eggs,  June  1-13. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  May  3- 
Oct.  16  (Oct.  26).  Eggs,  May  20-June  27. 

f  MOTACILLIDAE. 

374.  ANTHUS  RUBESCENS  (Tunstall)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
American  pipit;   Brown  lark;   Titlark;   Wagtail. 

Alauda  rubescens  Tunstall,  Ornith.  Britannica,  1771,  p.  2. 
No  locality;  based  on  Red  lark  from  London  and  North  America 
(fide  Oberholser). 

Anthus  pensilvanicus  (Lath.).  Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat. 
mus.,  1904,  pt.  3,  p.  12. 

Anthus  pipiens  Audubon,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1832,  vol.  1,  pi.  80. 


AVES.  205 

PASSERES.  OSCINES 

MOTACILLIDAE. 

Barren  grounds,  fields. and  sea  coasts;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  May  2-18  (June 
1,  1907,  Lubec);  Sept.  13-Oct.  25  (Dec.  13,  1901,  Seguin  Id.). 

N.  H. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  April  3-May  10; 
Sept.  15-Nov. 

VT. —  Rare  spring  and  uncommon  fall  migrant. 

MASS.— Uncommon  spring  and  common  fall  migrant;  acci- 
dental in  winter  (Boston  Harbor,  Feb.  25,  1882;  Newburyport, 
Jan.  4,  1878).  April  18-May  20  (June  8);  (Aug.  29,  1888,  Mon- 
omoy  Id.)  Sept.  10-Nov.  24  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  Mar.  29-May 
15;  Sept.  16-Nov.  28. 

CONN. —  Rare  spring  and  common  fall  migrant.  April-May; 
Sept.  15-Nov.  14  (Dec.  25,  1908,  South  Norwalk). 

MIMIDAE. 

375.     MIMUS  POLYGLOTTOS  (Linne)  Bonaparte. 
Mockingbird. 

Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  377;  Bird- 
life,  1898,  pi.  66.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  fig.  8-10. 

Turdus  polyglottos  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  169. 
"VIRGINIA." 

Thickets  and  dense  tree  clumps;  nests  in  bushes  or  trees. 

ME. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons  or  escape;  said  to  have 
bred  at  Leeds  about  1885. 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor  or  escape:  Hampton;  Milford.  • 

VT. —  Accidental  visitor  or  escape ;  pair  nested  at  Lunenburg, 
1884. 

MASS. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons  or  escape ;  rare  summer 
resident  (Arlington,  Groton,  Marshfield,  ?  Provincetown,  Spring- 
field). Eggs,  June  13-20. 

R.  I. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons  (or  escape). 


206  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MIMIDAE. 

CONN. —  Rare  summer  resident  (more  frequent  formerly) ; 
occasional  visitor  (or  escape)  at  all  seasons.  Eggs,  June  20  (Jewett 
City). 

376.  DUMETELLA  CAROLiNENSis  (Linne)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Catbird;   Pussy. 

Muscicapa  carolinensis  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1, 
p.  328.  "CAROLINA." 

Orpheus  carolinensis  (Linne).  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  2,  p.  195,  pi.  140.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  fig.  11. 

Bushy  thickets  near  water;  nests  in  bushes  or  among  vines. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident,  mainly  of  southern  counties. 
May  17-Oct.  4.  Eggs,  June  2-17;  July  (2d  brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys; 
accidental  in  early  winter  (Concord,  Dec.  3,  1901 ;  Wilton,  Dec.  25, 
1904).  May6-Oct.  14  (Dec.  25).  Eggs,  June  6- July  28  (?2d 
brood). 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident ;  accidental  in  winter. 
(April  13,  1908,  Westwood)  April  29-Oct.  16  (Dec.;  winter  1908- 
09,  Forest  Hills).  Eggs,  May  22- June  20. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  and  casual  winter  resident.  (April 
24)-Oct.  13  (Dec.  28-Mar.  4,  Mar.  19).  Eggs,  May  25- June  10. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  3-Nov.  4.  Eggs, 
May  17-23;  July  26  (2d  brood). 

377.  TOXOSTOMA  RUFUM  (Linne)  Cabanis. 

Brown  thrasher;    Brown   thrush;     Mavis;     Mocking  thrush; 
Planting-bird;  Song  thrush;  Thrasher. 

Turdus  rufus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  169. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI  &  MERIDIONALI." 

Orpheus  rufus  (Linne).  Audubon.  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol. 
3,  p.  9,  pi.  141.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  figs.  12,  13. 


AVES.  207 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

MIMIDAE. 

Thickets  and  sproutlands;  nests  in  bushes  or  rarely  on  the 
ground. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident  in  southwestern  counties. 
(?  April  8)  April  28-Oct.  14. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys. 
(April  16)-Oct.  10. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  and  accidental  winter  resident 
(Arlington).  (April  16)  April  20-Oct.  26  (Nov.  4;  winter).  Eggs, 
May  10- June  21. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident;  casual  in  winter.  (April 
14)-Oct.  13  (Jan.  30).  Eggs,  May  19-June  4. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.     April  22-Oct.  2. 

TROGLODYTIDAE. 

378.     THRYOTHORUS  LUDOVICIANUS  (Latham)  Bonaparte. 
Carolina  wren;  Great  Carolina  wren;  Mocking  wren. 

Sylvia  ludoviciana  Lath.,  Index  ornith.,  1790,  vol.  2,  p.  548. 
"  LOUISIANA." 

Troglodytes  ludoviciamis  Bonap.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1841,  vol.  2,  p.  116,  pi.  117.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  fig.  11. 

Dense  undergrowth  and  tangles;  nests  in  cavities  of  trees  or 
crevices  of  buildings. 

ME.— Accidental  visitor  (Falmouth,  Oct.  3,  1908;  Waterville) 
and  accidental  summer  resident  (Norway  Lake,  eggs,  June,  1883, 
fide  Knight). 

N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Alstead,  July  6,  1903;  Rye  Beach, 
Aug.  7,  1880;  Webster,  about  1900. 

VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons  and  very  rare  summer 
resident  (Naushon  Id.,  July,  1901). 


208  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TROGLODYTIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Occasional  visitor  in  summer  and  fall,  and  rare  summer 
resident  (at  Middletown).  April  9-Nov.  28.  Eggs,  April  15. 

CONN. —  Occasional  visitor  at  all  seasons  and  rare  resident  (near 
Bridgeport,  Chester,  South  Norwalk).  Eggs,  July  16. 

379.  THRYOMANES  BEWICKII  (Audubon)  Ridgway. 
Bewick's  wren. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1904,  pt.  3,  p.  552. 

Troglodytes  bewickii  Aud.,  Ornith.  biogr.,  1831,  vol.  1,  p,  96, 
pi.  18.  "ABOUT  FIVE  MILES  FROM  ST.  FRANCISVILLE, . . .  .LOUIS- 
IANA." 

Brush  piles,  orchards,  and  vicinity  of  outbuildings;  nests  in 
cavities  of  trees  or  buildings. 

ME. —  Doubtfully  recorded  (Seguin  Id.,  Oct.  6). 
N.  H. —  Accidental  visitor:  Alton,  April  25,  1890. 

380.  TROGLODYTES  AEDON  Vieillot. 
House  wren. 

Vieill.,  Hist.  nat.  ois.  Ame'r.  Sept.,  1807,  vol.  2,  p.  52,  pi.  107. 
"CANADA, ...  .NOUVELLE-ECOSSE."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1841,  vol.  2,  p.  125,  pi.  120.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  figs.  12,  13. 

Brush  piles,  orchards,  and  vicinity  of  outbuildings;  nests  in 
hollow  limbs,  bird  boxes,  or  any  convenient  crevice. 

ME. —  Uncommon  local  summer  resident  (to  Caribou).  May 
8-Aug. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  becoming  rare  among 
White  Mt.  valleys.  May  18-Sept.  24. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident.     May  11-fall. 

MASS. —  Locally  common  summer  resident.  (April  24)  May  1- 
Oct.  30.  Eggs,  May  25-June  5. 

R.  I. —  Locally  common  summer  resident;  formerly  more 
common.  April  26-Sept.  Eggs,  May  21-27. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.     April  25-Oct.  30. 


AVES.  209 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TROGLODYTIDAE. 

381.  NANNUS  HIEMALIS  (Vieillot)  A.  O.  U.  comm. 
Winter  wren. 

Troglodytes  hiemalis  Vieill.,  Nouv.  diet,  d'hist.  nat.,  1819,  vol. 

34,  p.  514.       "NOTJVELLE-ficOSSE  ET  DANS  L^TAT  DE  NEW  YORK." 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,   1841,  vol.  2,  p.  128,  pi.  121.     Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  fig.  14. 

Damp  woods  or  thickets  near  water,  and  in  migration,  tangles, 
brush  heaps,  and  brier  patches;  nests  in  crevices  of  upturned  roots. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  common  sum- 
mer resident;  very  rare  winter  resident  (Bangor).  (April  1)  April 
9-Nov.  17  (winter).  Eggs,  May  20-June  3;  Aug.  8  (2d  brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident, 
local  south  of  White  Mts.;  rare  winter  resident  in  southeast  part. 
April  5-Nov.  15  (winter).  Eggs,  May  20- July  23  (2d  brood). 

VT. —  Uncommon  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident  in 
mountainous  parts  south  to  Londonderry;  may  winter.  April  7- 
Nov.  24  (Dec.  30,  Jan.  1).  Eggs,  June  4. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident 
(Berkshire  Co.,  and  locally  east,  Lynn,  Winchendon) ;  rare  winter 
resident  near  coast.  April  4-29;  summer;  Sept.  2-Nov.  25; 
winter. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident;  rare  local 
summer  resident  (Washington  Co.,  nest  with  young,  May  24,  1908). 
April;  (summer);  Sept.-Nov.  28;  winter. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident. 
Oct.  2-April. 

382.  CISTOTHORUS  STELLARIS  (Lichtenstein)  Cabanis. 
Short-billed  marsh  wren. 

Troglodytes  stellaris  Licht.,  in  Naumann's  Vogel  Deutschl., 
1823,  vol.  3,  tab.  ad  p.  724.  "CAROLINA." 


210  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TROGLODYTIDAE. 

Troglodytes  brevirostris  Nutt.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  2,  p.  138,  pi.  124.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  3,  fig.  1. 

Wet  grassy  meadows;  nest  usually  built  among  tall  grass  stems 
near  the  ground. 

ME. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  (Bangor,  Glenburn).  May 
4-Oct.  10. 

N.  H. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  in  southern  part;  rare 
visitor  in  White  Mt.  region. 

MASS. —  Very  local  summer  resident,  sometimes  common. 
May  6-Oct.  9.  Eggs,  May  25- June  18;  July  7  (?  2d  brood). 

R.  I. —  Rare  local  summer  resident  (Newport).     Eggs,  June  6. 

CONN. —  Rare  local  summer  resident.     Spring-Sept.  17. 

383.     TELMATODYTES  PALUSTRIS  (Wilson)  Henry. 
Long-billed  marsh  wren. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1904,  pt.  3,  p.  489.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  fig.  15. 

Certhia  palustris  Wils.,  Amer.  ornith.,  1810,  vol.  2,  p.  58,  pi.  12, 
fig.  4.  " PENNSYLVANIA . . .  .ALONG  THE  TIDE  WATER  OF  OUR 
RIVERS." 

Cat-tail  swamps;  nests  among  the  flags. 

VT. —  Rare  visitor:  Brattleboro,  May,  1902;  Middlebury; 
Rutland,  May  27,  1907. 

MASS. —  Common  local  summer  resident  in  western  valleys  and 
coastwise  (Essex  Co.) ;  rare  winter  resident  (Fresh  Pond).  (May  2) 
May  15-Nov.  30  (winter).  Eggs,  June  5-29  (Aug.  1). 

R.  I. —  Common  local  summer  resident.  May-Oct.  6.  Eggs, 
May  31- June  16. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  and  rare  winter  resident.  May  5- 
(winter).  Eggs,  June  7- July  28 


AVES.  211 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

CERTHIIDAE. 

384.     CERTHIA  FAMILIARIS  AMERICANA  (Bonaparte)  Ridgway. 
Brown  creeper;   Tree  creeper. 

Certhia  americana  Bonap.,  Geogr.  and  comparative  list  birds 
Europe  and  No.  Amer.,  1838,  p.  11.  "WESTERN  AND  NORTHERN 
PARTS"  OF  No.  AMERICA. 

Certhia  familiaris  Linne.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  p. 
109,  pi.  115.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  fig.  10. 

Cool  mixed  or  coniferous  woods  in  summer,  tree  growth  gener- 
ally at  other  seasons;  nests  behind  loose  flake  of  bark. 

ME. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Eggs,  May  31- June  23. 

N.  H. —  Resident,  breeding  locally  south  of  White  Mts.,  and 
more  commonly  north.  Eggs,  May. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  uncommon  local 
summer  resident. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  less  common 
summer  resident  in  western  part,  but  rare  and  local  in  eastern 
swamps  (to  Taunton).  Sept.  12-May  8;  summer.  Eggs,  May 
6-23. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Sept.  2-April  26. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  rare  summer 
resident.  Late  Sept  .-late  April  (summer). 

SITTIDAE. 
385.     SITTA  CAROLINENSIS  Latham. 

White-breasted  nuthatch;  Sapsucker. 

Lath.,  Index ornith.,  1790,  vol.  1,  p.  262.  "IN  AMERICA,  JAMAICA; 
EUROPAEA  MINOR."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p. 
175,  pi.  247.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  fig.  8. 

Orchards,  shade  and  forest  trees;  nests  in  holes  in  trees  or  stumps. 


212  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

SITTIDAE. 

ME.,  N.  H.,  VT. —  Common  migrant,  uncommon  summer  and 
winter  resident.  Eggs,  May  1-15  (ME.). 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  uncommon 
summer  resident.  Eggs,  April  3-May  1. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  uncommon 
summer  resident.  Sept.  14- April  22;  summer.  Eggs,  April  20- 
May  22. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident,  less  common 
summer  resident.  Eggs,  May  8-June  7. 

386.     SITTA  CANADENSIS  Linne. 

Red-breasted  nuthatch;    Canada  nuthatch;    Red-bellied  nut- 
hatch. 

Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  177.  "  CANADA." 
Audubon,  Birds  of  Anier.,  1842,  vol.  4,  p.  179,  pi.  248.  Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  fig.  9. 

Coniferous  woods,  or,  on  migrations,  tree  growth  generally; 
nests  in  holes  excavated  in  dead  trees. 

ME. —  Common  resident  south  to  Cape  Elizabeth;  elsewhere 
a  periodically  common  winter  resident.  Eggs,  May  6- June  2 
(early  July). 

N.  H. —  Common  resident  from  White  Mts.  north,  elsewhere 
a  rare  summer  and  irregular  winter  resident.  Eggs,  May  20. 

VT. —  Uncommon  winter  visitor  and  local  summer  resident. 
Eggs,  May  5-30. 

MASS. —  Irregular  fall  and  winter  visitor;  in  western  part  at 
higher  levels  an  uncommon,  and  elsewhere  a  rare  and  irregular 
summer  resident.  Aug.  15-May  20;  summer.  Eggs,  May  18- 
June  10. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  and  irregular  fall  and  winter  visitor.  Oct. 
5- winter. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  and  irregular  fall  and  winter  visitor. 
(Aug.  28)  Sept.  24-April  19. 


AVES.  213 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

PARIDAE. 

387.  BAEOLOPHUS  BICOLOR  (Linne*)  Cabanis. 
Tufted  titmouse. 

Parus  bicolor  Linne",  Syst.  nat,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  340. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1841,  vol.  2,  p.  143,  pi.  125. 

Woodlands  generally;   nests  in  holes  of  trees  and  stumps. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  near  Orono. 
N.  H.,  VT.—  Doubtfully  recorded. 

CONN. —  Rare  visitor:  near  Hartford;  Lyme,  Feb.  27,  1872, 
Jan.  1874;  New  Haven  (Linsley). 

388.  PENTHESTES  ATRICAPILLUS  (Linne)  Ridgway. 
Chickadee;   Black-capped  chickadee  or  titmouse. 

Parus  atricapillus  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  341. 
"CANADA."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  2,  p.  146,  pi. 
126.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  figs.  4,  5. 

Tree  growth  generally;  nests  near  water  in  low  dead  stumps. 

ME. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  May  10-June  18. 

N.  H. —  Common  resident,  breeding  below  3000  ft. 

VT. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  May  10. 

MASS. —  Common  winter  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
Eggs,  May  4-June  25. 

R.  I. —  Common  winter  and  less  common  summer  resident. 
Eggs,  May  9-18. 

CONN. —  Common  resident.     Eggs,  May  10-June  4. 

389.  PENTHESTES  HUDSONICUS  (Forster)  Ridgway. 
Hudsonian  chickadee. 

Parus  hudsonicus  Forst.,  Phil,  trans,  roy.  soc.  London,  1772, 

vol.  62,  pp.  408,  430.   "SEVERN  RIVER AD  SINUM  HUDSONIS." 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  2,  p.  155,  pi.  128.     Egg, 
Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  figs.  6,  7. 


214  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

PARIDAE. 

Spruce  and  fir  forests;  nests  in  holes  in  low  trees  or  stumps. 

ME. —  Rare  resident  in  northern  and  eastern  counties;  else- 
where an  uncommon  or  rare  winter  visitor. 

N.  H. —  Uncommon  resident  mainly  above  3000  ft.  on  White 
Mts.,  north;  elsewhere  a  rare  winter  visitor. 

VT. —  Uncommon  resident  in  northern  part  and  on  higher 
mountains  (Mt.  Stratton,  Sutton);  elsewhere  a  rare  winter  visitor. 

MASS. —  Rare  late  fall  and  winter  visitor;  once  in  Plymouth  Co., 
June  5,  1896.  Oct.  18-April  5  (June  5). 

R.  I. —  Accidental  late  fall  visitor:  Smithfield,  Nov.  1,  1880. 

CONN. —  Accidental  late  fall  visitor:   New  Haven,  Nov.  13,  1875. 

SYLVIIDAE. 

390.     REGULUS  SATRAPA  Lichtenstein. 

Golden-crowned  kinglet;   Golden-crested  wren. 

Licht.,  Verzeichn.  d.  doubl.  d.  Mus.  Berlin,  1823,  p.  35. 
"AM[ERICA]  SEPT[ENTRIONALI]."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer., 
1841,  vol.  2,  p.  165,  pi.  132.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  figs.  1,  2. 

Spruce  and  fir  forests  in  summer,  tree  growth  generally  at  other 
times;  nests  in  conifers. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  winter  resident; 
common  summer  resident  in  northern  part.  Eggs,  June  15-24. 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  winter  resident;  com- 
mon summer  resident  from  White  Mts.  north,  local  to  the  south. 
Eggs,  May  24. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident ;  less  common  local 
summer  resident.  Sept.  18-May  7;  summer. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident;  uncommon 
summer  resident  in  western  part  but  rare  and  local  in  eastern  (Lynn, 
Plymouth  Co.,  Winchendon).  Sept.-April;  summer.  Eggs,  May- 
June  29. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Sept.  25- April  2. 


AVES.  215 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

SYLVIIDAE. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  winter  resident.     Oct.  13-May. 

391.  REGULUS  CALENDULA  (Linne")  Lichtenstein. 
Ruby-crowned  kinglet;   Ruby-crested  wren. 

Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  2,  p.  168,  pi.  133. 

Motacilla  calendula  Linne,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  337. 
"PENNSYLVANIA." 

Spruce  and  fir  forests,  and  in  migrations,  tree  growth  generally; 
nests  in  conifers. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  probably  a  rare  summer  resident 
in  northern  part  (Ft.  Kent,  with  young;  near  Bangor,  nest  without 
eggs).  April  14-May  16  (May  23);  (summer);  Sept.  25-Oct.  22. 

N.  H.—  Common  migrant.     April  14-May  11;  Sept.  9-Oct.  20. 

VT. —  Common  migrant.     April  11;    fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant ;  casual  in  winter  (at  Highland  Light, 
Jan.  15,  1892;  Fresh  Pond,  Cambridge,  Dec.  23,  1899).  April  5- 
May  13;  Sept.  23-Nov.  20  (winter). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant.     April-May  6;  Oct. 

CONN.—  Common  migrant.   April  1  l-(May  16) ;  Oct.  13-Nov.  24. 

392.  POLIOPTILA  CAERULEA  (Linne)  Sclater. 
Blue-gray  gnatcatcher. 

Motacilla  caerulea  LinnS,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  337. 
"  PENSYLVANIA." 

Culicivora  coerulea  Lath.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1840, 
vol.  1,  p.  244,  pi.  70.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  2,  fig.  3. 

Woodlands;   nests  in  trees. 

ME. —  Accidental  visitor:  Cape  Elizabeth,  Aug.  29,  1880;  April 
18,  1896. 

N.  H.,  VT. —  Doubtfully  recorded. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor  ( ?  may  once  have  bred  near  Taunton). 
Aug.  27-Dec.  18. 


216  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

SYLVIIDAE. 

R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor  (several  instances).     May  23,  June  24. 
CONN. —  Rare  summer  visitor  (five  instances,  nee  Wauregan). 
April  6-Sept.  1. 

TURDIDAE. 

393.  HYLOCICHLA  MUSTELINA  (Gmelin)  Ridgway. 

Wood  thrush;   Mountain  thrush  (Vt.);   Swamp  angel;   Swamp 
thrush;   Wood  robin. 

Turdus  mustelinus  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  817. 
"IN  NOVEBORACO."  Seebohm  and  Sharpe,  Monogr.  of  Turdidae, 
1898,  pt.  4,  pi.  43.  Chapman,  Handb.  birds  east.  No.  Amer., 
1895,  p.  395,  fig.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  fig.  2. 

Bushy  growth  near  edges  of  moist  shady  woods;  nests  in  bushes 
or  trees. 

ME. —  Rare  summer  resident  in  southwestern  part  (to  Franklin 
Co.).  Spring-Sept.  6.  . 

N.  H. —  Rare  summer  resident  north  to  White  Mt.  valleys. 
May  15-Sept. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  at  lower  elevations  (to  Mt. 
Mansfield  and  Willoughby  Lake).  May  10-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident,  mainly  at  low  elevations. 
(April  26)  May  1-Sept.  28  (Oct.  10;  Nov.  18,  1897,  Wellesley 
Hills).  Eggs,  May  25-June  15  (June  26). 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  4-Sept.  Eggs,  May 
21-June  6. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  1-Oct.  Eggs,  May 
27- June  21. 

394.  HYLOCICHLA  FUSCESCENS  (Stephens)  Ridgway. 

Wilson's  thrush;  Cheeury;  Nightingale;  Swamp  robin;  Tawny 
thrush;   Veery. 

Turdus  fuscescens  Steph.,  Shaw's  Gen.  zool.,  1817,  vol.  10,  pt. 


AVES.  217 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TURDIDAE. 

1,  p.  182.  "TO  THE  NORTH  OF  PENSYLVANiA."  Seebohm  and 
Sharpe,  Monogr.  Turdidae,  1898,  pt.  4,  pi.  44.  Egg,  Capen,  1886, 
pi.  1,  fig.  7. 

Swamps  and  undergrowth  along  streams;  nests  on  or  near  the 
ground,  rarely  in  trees. 

ME. —  Common  summer  resident.  (?  April  17,  26)  May  1- 
Sept.  20  (Oct.  1).  Eggs,  June  1-18  (July  1). 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  below  1500  ft.  May  10- 
Sept.  Eggs,  June  9. 

VT. —  Common  summer  resident.  May  11-Sept.  Eggs,  May 
30- June  28  (July  26). 

MASS. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  30)  May  1-Sept. 
27  (Oct.  14,  1871,  Fresh  Pond,  Cambridge).  Eggs,  May  20- June 
30. 

R.  I. —  Common  summer  resident.  (April  29)-Sept.  25.  Eggs, 
May  26-31. 

CONN. —  Common  summer  resident.     May  1-Sept.  1. 

395.    HYLOCICHLA  FUSCESCENS  SALICICOLA  Ridgway. 
Willow  thrush;   Newfoundland  thrash. 

Ridgw.,  Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1882,  vol.  4,  p.  374.  " ROCKY 
MOUNTAIN  REGION.  . .  .FORT  GARLAND,  COLO./'  etc. 

Swamps  and  undergrowth  bordering  streams;  nests  on  or  near 
the  ground. 

MASS. —  Rare  migrant:  Lanesboro,  Sept.  27,  1900;  Lowell 
(these  are  the  race  "fuliginosa"  Howe,  considered  by  the  A.  O.  U. 
committee  inseparable  from  salicicola  and  by  Ridgway  as  synony- 
mous with  H.  fuscescens). 

R.  I.— Rare  migrant:  Bristol,  Sept.  24,  1899;  Newport,  Sept. 
25,  1885. 

CONN. —  Rare  migrant.  May  5,  6,  14,  16;  Sept.  23  (=  salici- 
cola, Bishop). 


218  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TURDIDAE. 

396.  HYLOCICHLA  ALICIAE  (Baird)  Ridgway. 
Gray-cheeked  thrush;   Alice's  thrush;   Arctic  thrush. 

T urdus  aliciae  Baird,  U.  S.  war  dept.,  expl.  and  surv.  Miss. 
Riv.  to  Pac.  Ocean,  1858,  pt.  2,  birds,  p.  217.  "  ILLINOIS,  ....  UPPER 
MISSOURI."  Seebohm  and  Sharpe,  Monogr.  Turdidae,  1898,  pt. 
4,  pi.  45,  fig.  1. 

Dense  fir  thickets  in  summer,  moist  shaded  spots  on  migration; 
nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  20-25;  Sept.  20. 
N.  H. —  Rare  migrant:    Dublin,  Oct.  2,  1899. 
VT. —  Rare  migrant.     May  18. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant.  (May  13)  May  17-June  3 
(June  18);  Sept.  10-Oct.  9. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     May  20;  Sept.  23-Oct.  7. 
CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant. 

397.  HYLOCICHLA  ALICIAE  BICKNELLI  Ridgway. 
Bicknell's  thrush. 

Ridgw.,  Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1882,  vol.  4,  p.  377.  " SLIDE 
MOUNTAIN,  ULSTER  COUNTY,  NEW  YORK."  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat. 
mus.,  1907,  pt.  4,  p.  62.  (Unfigured). 

Fir  and  spruce  thickets  in  summer,  moist  shady  spots  on  migra- 
tion; nests  in  low  trees. 

ME. —  Common  local  summer  resident  on  higher  mountain  tops 
(Mt.  Abraham,  Ktaadn,  etc.);  Maine  breeding  birds  may  be 
true  aliciae  (Knight).  May-Sept.  20. 

N.  H. —  Common  summer  resident  above  3000  ft.  to  tree  limit 
among  White  Mts.,  south  to  Sandwich  Range.  May  25-Sept.  15. 
Eggs,  June  22. 

VT. —  Uncommon  summer  resident  on  higher  mountains :  Jay 
Peak,  Mt.  Annanance,  Mt.  Killington,  Mt.  Mansfield,  Pico  Peak, 
etc.  May-Sept.  Eggs,  •  June  22. 

MASS. —  Uncommon  migrant,  and  on  summit  of  Mt.  Greylock 


AVES.  219 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TURDIDAE. 

(3505  ft.)  a  rare  summer  resident.     (May  2)-May  30;    summer; 
Sept.  18-Oct.  25. 

R.  I. —  Uncommon  migrant.     Oct.  9. 

CONN. —  Uncommon  migrant. 

398.  HYLOCICHLA  USTULATA  SWAINSONII  (Cabanis)  Ridgway. 

Olive-backed  thrash;  Flycatching  thrash;  Mosquito  thrash; 
Swainson's  thrash;  Swamp  robin. 

Turdus  swainsonii  Cab.,  Fauna  Peruana,  1845-46,  p.  188. 
"PERU";  specimen  described  from  NEW  JERSEY  (=  type  locality). 
Seebohm  and  Sharpe,  Monogr.  Turdidae,  1898,  pt.  4,  pi.  45,  fig.  3. 

Turdus  ustulatus  swainsonii  (Cab.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds 
east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  398.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  figs.  5,  6. 

Cool  shady  thickets;  nests  in  low  trees  or  bushes. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  in  northern  part  a  common  sum- 
mer resident.  (May  6)  May  9-26;  summer-Oct.  23.  Eggs,  May 
29- June  9  (early  July). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant,  and  from  White  Mts.  north  a  com- 
mon summer  resident,  local  to  the  south.  May  16-Oct.  Eggs, 
June  16- July  11. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident 
mainly  in  northern  part  and  at  higher  levels  south  to  Londonderry. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  in  higher  parts  of  Berkshire  Co., 
an  uncommon  summer  resident.  May  3- June  7;  summer;  Sept. 
9-Oct.  21. 

R.  I.—  Common  migrant.     May  8-;    Sept.  27-Oct.  2. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant.     May  10-26;   Sept.  4-Oct.  13. 

399.  HYLOCICHLA  GUTTATA  PALLASII  (Cabanis)  Faxon  and  Hoff- 
mann. 

Hermit  thrash;  Ground  swamp  robin  (Me.);  Rufous-tailed 
thrash;  Solitary  thrash;  Swamp  robin  or  thrash;  Wood- 
chuck. 

Turdus  pallasii  Cab.,  Arch.  f.  naturgesch.,  1847,  vol.  13,  pt.  1, 


220  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TURDIDAE. 

p.  205.  Locality  not  given;  based  on  Cab.,  in  Tschudi's  Fauna 
Peruana.  Seebohm  and  Sharpe,  Monogr.  Turdidae,  1898,  pt.  4, 
pi.  46,  fig.  2. 

Turdus  aonalaschkae  pallasii  (Cab.).  Chapman,  Handb.  birds 
east.  No.  Amer.,  1895,  p.  400.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  figs.  3,  4. 

Undergrowth  of  dry  woods;  nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  may  winter 
rarely.  (April  5)  April  13-Nov.  26  (Dec.  25, 1904,  Cape  Elizabeth). 
Eggs,  (May  1)  May  17- June  10;  July  14-Aug.  10  (2d  brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident  below  3000  ft. 
(April  5)  April  10-Nov.  24.  Eggs,  -July  8. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (April  4)  April 
10-fall. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident  in 
western,  local  in  eastern  part  (Cape  Cod,  Martha's  Vineyard); 
rare  winter  resident  near  coast.  (April  1)  April  8-Nov.  30  (winter). 
Eggs,  June  14. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant  and  rare  winter  resident;  rare  local 
summer  resident  (Kent  Co.).  April  lO-(summer);  Oct.-Nov.  20 
(Dec.  3,  winter).  Eggs,  June  6. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant,  uncommon  local  summer  resident 
(Bear  Mt,  Hartford  Co.,  Norfolk,  Salisbury);  rare  winter  resident. 
(April  3)  April  12-May;  summer;  Oct.-Nov.  20  (winter). 

400.     PLANESTICUS  MIGRATORIUS  (Linne)  Coues. 
American  robin. 

Turdus  migratorius  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  p.  292. 
"IN  AMERICA  SEPTENTRIONALI."  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841, 
vol.  3,  p.  14,  pi.  142.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  fig.  1. 

Ubiquitous,  but  avoiding  woods  in  breeding  season ;  nests  in  trees, 
on  ledges  of  buildings,  or  on  the  ground. 

ME.,  N.  H.,  VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident; 
rare  winter  resident  mainly  in  southern  part.  Mar.  3-Nov.;  win- 


AVES.  221 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TURDIDAE. 

ter.  Eggs,  (ME.)  April  28- June  15;  July-early  Aug.  (2d  and  3d 
broods). 

MASS. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident  chiefly  near  coast.  Mar.  8-Nov.  23 ;  winter.  Eggs, 
April  25- July  25  (2d  brood)  (!  Oct.  29,  1903,  Brandon). 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  and  winter 
resident.  Mar.  11-Nov.  28;  winter.  Eggs,  April  17- June  7; 
July. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  less  common 
winter  resident.  Feb.  18-Nov.;  winter.  Eggs,  April  27-July  2. 

401.  IXOREUS  NAEVIUS  (Gmelui)  Richmond. 
Varied  thrush. 

Turdus  naevius  Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  817. 
"IN  SINU  AMERICAE  NATCA." 

Orpheus  meruloides  (Swains.).  Swainson  and  Richardson,  Fauna 
Boreali-Amer.,  1831,  vol.  2,  p.  187,  pi.  38. 

Evergreen  forests;  nests  in  trees. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor:    Ipswich,  Dec.  1864. 

402.  SIALIA  SIALIS  (Linne")  Haldeman. 
Bluebird. 

Motacilla  sialis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  187. 
"IN  BERMTJDIS  &  AMERICA  CALIDIORE." 

Sialia  wilsonii  Swains.  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  2, 
p.  171,  pi.  134.  Egg,  Capen,  1886,  pi.  1,  figs.  14,  15. 

Orchards  and  open  country;  nests  in  hollow  limbs  or  in  bird 
houses. 

ME. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (Feb.  28) 
Mar.  10-Nov.  14.  Eggs,  April  21-May  15;  June  24-July  6  (2d 
brood). 

N.  H. —  Common  migrant  and  less  common  summer  resident  at 
lower  elevations.  Mar.  2-Oct.  25.  Eggs,  May  1-June  25. 


222  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

PASSERES.  OSCINES. 

TURDIDAE. 

VT. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident.  (Feb.  23) 
Mar.  17-Oct.  16. 

MASS. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident; 
near  coast,  a  rare  winter  resident  (Melrose  Highlands,  Roxbury, 
Wellesley,  Cape  Cod).  (Feb.  23)  Mar.  1-Nov.  20  (Dec.  10,  29); 
winter.  Eggs,  April  15- June  5. 

R.  I. —  Common  migrant,  less  common  summer  resident,  and 
occasional  winter  resident.  Mar.  2-Nov.  27;  winter.  Eggs, 
(Mar.  1,  Westerly)  April  7-20. 

CONN. —  Common  migrant  and  summer  resident;  uncommon 
winter  resident.  Mar.  5-Nov.  13;  winter.  Eggs,  April  15- 
June  14. 

SPECIES  INTRODUCED  OR  ERRONEOUSLY  ACCREDITED. 

COLYMBUS  CRISTATUS  Linne.  Crested  grebe. —  An  Old  World  species 
erroneously  recorded  by  early  writers. 

AETHIA  CRISTATELLA  (Pallas).  Crested  auklet. —  Doubtfully  recorded 
from  Chatham,  Mass.,  winter  of  1884-85. 

CEPPHUS  MANDTII  (Lichtenstein).  Mandt's  guillemot. —  The  sup- 
posed Maine  specimen  proves  to  be  C.  grylle,  and  the  Massachusetts  record 
is  too  doubtful  for  acceptance. 

PUFFINUS  PUFFINUS  (Brunnich).    Manx  shearwater. 

PUFFINUS  "  CINEREUS"  (=  KUHLi  Gould).  Mediterranean  shearwater. — 
European  species  listed  from  New  England  by  several  of  the  older  writers 
but  probably  in  error  for  P.  gravis  or  P.  borealis. 

THALASSIDROMA  PELAGICA  (Linne").  Stormy  petrel. —  Given  on  au- 
thority of  Boardman  as  a  rare  summer  visitor  "off  the  coast  of  Eastern 
Maine,"  but  the  record  is  not  allowed  by  Knight. 

PELAGODROMA  MARINA  (Latham) .  White-faced  petrel. —  A  specimen 
taken  in  lat.  40°  34'  18"  N.,  long.  66°  09'  W.,  Sept.  2,  1885,  was  included  in 
Dr.  J.  A.  Allen's  list  of  Massachusetts  birds  (1886),  but  the  locality  is  out- 
side the  limits  covered  by  the  present  catalogue. 

PHALACROCORAX  GRACULUS  (Linne").  Green  cormorant. —  This  Euro- 
pean species  is  accredited  to  Massachusetts  by  W.  B.  O.  Peabody,  who 
doubtless  confused  it  with  the  American  P.  auritus. 


AVES.  223 

MERGELLUS  ALBELLUS  (Linne").  Smew. —  Accredited  by  Samuels  to 
Massachusetts,  but  apparently  without  good  reason 

CHENALOPEX  AEGYPTIACUS  (Linne")  Stephens. 
Egyptian  goose. 

Salvadori,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1895,  vol.  27,  p.  169;  Gould,  Birds 
of  Europe,  1837,  vol.  5,  pi.  [353].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  36,  pi.  12,  fig.  1. 

Anas  aegyptiaca  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  197.  "IN 
AEGYPTO?" 

Rivers  and  marshes;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  The  several  instances  of  capture  may  relate  to  either  accidental 
visitors  or  escapes. 

ARDEA  OCCIDENTALS  Audubon.  Great  white  heron. —  Recorded  from 
Massachusetts  in  error  ior'Herodias  egretta. 

SCOLOPAX  RUSTICOLA  Linne".  European  woodcock. —  Doubtful  refer- 
ence to  this  species  at  Newport,  R.  I. ;  ?  Maine. 

TOT  ANUS  NEBULARIUS  (Gunnerus).  Greenshank. —  This  Old  World 
species  was  accredited  to  Connecticut  by  Linsley  who  states  that  a  speci- 
men was  killed  at  Stratford  in  fall  of  1842. 

OREORTYX  PICTUS  (Douglas)  Baird. 

Mountain  partridge ;  Plumed  partridge. 

Ortyx  picta  Dougl.,  Trans.  Linn.  soc.  London,  1829,  vol.  16,  p.  143. 
"INTERIOR  OF  CALIFORNIA." 

Ortix  plumifera  Gould.     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  vol.  5,  p.  69,  pi.  291. 

Thickets  and  open  woods;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS  —  Introduced  unsuccessfully  about  1890. 

LOPHORTYX  CALIFORNICUS  (Shaw)  Bonaparte. 
California  partridge  or  quail. 

Tetrao  californicus  Shaw,  Naturalist's  miscellany,  1797  (?),  vol.  9,  pi. 
345  and  text.  "CALIFORNIA." 

Callipepla  calif ornica  (Shaw).  Gould,  Monogr.  of  Odontophorinae 
No.  Amer.,  1850,  p.  [57],  pi.  [16].  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  1,  fig.  8-10. 

Bushy  lowlands;   nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  in  Berkshire  Co.  about  1890. 

CONN. —  Introduced:  Bridgeport,  Dec.  1840. 

LOPHORTYX  GAMBELII  Gambel. 

Gambol's  partridge. 

Gambel  (ex  Nuttall),  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1843,  p.  260.  "WEST 
OF  CALIFORNIA." 


224  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Callipepla  gambelii  (Nuttall).  Cassin  and  Stephens,  Illustr.  birds  of 
Calif.,  Texas,  1853,  no.  2,  p.  45,  pi.  9.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,'pl.  1, 
fig.  11-14. 

Bushy  growth;   nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  in  Berkshire  and  Bristol  Cos.  in 
1893;  Martha's  Vineyard  in  1890;  Winchendon  in  1891. 

TETRAO  UROGALLUS  Linne". 

Capercaillie ;  Muscovian  black  gamecock ;  Wood  grouse. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  159.  "IN  EUROPAE  FRIGIDAE 
PINETIS  PALUDOSIS."  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1893,  vol. 
22,  p.  62.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  5,  pi.  [489],  p.  [490]. 
Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  274,  pi.  59,  fig.  11. 

Mountainous  forests;  nests  on  the  ground. 

VT. —  Introduced  about  1897  at  Middlebury,  Rutland,  and  elsewhere, 
unsuccessfully. 

TYMPANUCHUS  AMERICANUS  (Reichenbach)  Ridgway. 
Prairie  hen ;  Prairie  chicken. 

Cupidonia  americanus  Reich.,  Syst.  avium,  1852,  p.  xxix.     No  locality. 

Tetrao  cupido  Linne\  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5,  p.  93, 
pi.  296.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  2,  fig.  18-20. 

Grassy  prairies;  nests  on  the  ground. 

N.  H. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  at  Blue  Mt.  Park  about  1893. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced:  Barnstable  and  Berkshire  Cos. 
in  the  '80's;  between  Concord  and  Belmont  in  1884  or  1885;  Martha's 
Vineyard,  1902;  Naushonld.;  Springfield,  1893. 

R.  I. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  about  1897. 

PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLTJS  (Linne)  Elliot. 
Sharp  tailed  grouse. 

Baird,  Brewer,  and  Ridgway,  No.  Amer.  birds,  1874,  vol.  3,  p.  434,  pi.  9, 
fig.  3  (head). 

Tetrao  phasianellus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  160.  "CAN- 
ADA." 

Pediaecaetes  phasianellus  (Linne).  Elliot,  Monogr.  of  Tetraoninae, 
1865,  pi.  15.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  3,  fig.  3-5. 

Thickets  and  clearings;  nests  on  the  ground. 

VT. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  about  1897. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  near  Westport  about  1892. 


AVES.  225 

PEDIOECETES  PHASIANELLUS  CAMPESTRIS  Ridgway. 
Prairie  sharp-tailed  grouse. 

Ridgway,  Prop.  biol.  soc.  Washington,  1884,  vol.  2,  p.  93.  "ILLINOIS, 
AND.  .  .  .ROSEBUD  CREEK,  MONTANA  TERR." 

Tetrao  phasianellus  Linne".  Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1842,  vol.  5, 
p.  110,  pi.  298.  Egg,  Bendire,  1892,  vol.  1,  pi.  3,  figs.  9,  10. 

Woods  and  thickets;   nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  at  Springfield,  1892. 

COTURNIX  COTURNIX  (Linne")  Lichtenstein. 
European  quail;   Migratory  quail. 

Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1893,  vol.  22,  p.  235. 

Tetrao  coturnix  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  161.  "EUROPA, 
ASIA,  AFRICA." 

Coturnix  communis  Bonnaterre.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81, 
vol.  7,  pi.  [476].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  277,  pi.  59,  figs.  1,  3. 

Meadows  and  fields;   nests  on  the  ground. 

ME. —  Introduced  unsuccessfully  in  1880;  2600  liberated,  but  failed  to 
establish  themselves.  Nest  at  Falmouth,  June. 

VT. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  at  Rutland,  June,  1877. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  at  various  places  (No.  Falmouth, 
Springfield,  Wareham)  between  1870  and  1890. 

CONN. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced :  Lakeville,  1878. 

PERDIX  PERDIX  (Linne"). 

European  partridge ;   Hungarian  partridge ;   Partridge. 
Tetrao  perdix  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  166.     "IN  EURO- 

PAE  AGRIS." 

Perdix  cinerea  Latham.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  7,  p. 
[131],  pis.  [474,  475]. 

Open  country  and  thickets;    nests  on  the  ground. 
CONN.—  Introduced  in  1908. 

PHASIANUS  COLCHICUS  Linne. 
English  pheasant ;  Pheasant. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  158.  "AFRICA,  ASIA."  Ogilvie- 
Grant,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1893,  vol.  22,  p.  321.  Dresser,  Birds  of 
Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  7,  pi.  [469].  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  275,  pi.  59, 
fig.  9. 


226  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Bushy  woods;  nests,  on  the  ground,  rarely  in  trees. 

N.  H. —  Introduced  from  England  at  Wolfboro  in  18th  century. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  in  Berksh  re  Co. 

PHASIANUS  TORQUATUS  Gmelin. 

Ring-necked  pheasant;  Denny  pheasant;  Ring  pheasant. 

Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  742.  Refers  to  Latham's  Synop- 
sis: "  CHINA  ....  ABOUT  THE  CASPIAN  SEA,  ...  .GREAT  TARTARY,  AND  IN 
THE  SOUTH  OF  THE  MONGOLIAN  DESERT."  Ogilvie-Grant,  Cat.  birds 
British  mus.,  1893,  vol.  22,  p.  332.  Elliot,  Monogr.  Phasianidae,  1872, 
vol.  2,  pi.  5. 

Thickets ;  nests  on  the  ground. 

VT. —  Introduced  successfully  at  Shelburne. 

MASS. —  Introduced  at  Winchester  and  elsewhere,  since  1894,  and  now 
well  established  at  many  places,  mainly  in  eastern  part. 

CONN. —  Successfully  introduced  (Fisher's  Id.) . 

COLUMBA  DOMESTICA  Gmelin. 

Rock  dove ;  Domestic  pigeon ;  Dove ;  Pigeon. 

Gmel.,  Syst.  nat.,  1788,  vol.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  769.     No  locality. 

Columba  livid  Linne.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  7,  p.  [11], 
pi.  [457]  (upper  fig.,  wild  bird).  Tegetmeier,  Pigeons:  their  structure, 
varieties,  habits,  and  management,  London,  1868,  190  pp.,  16  pis.  Egg, 
Seebohm,  1896,  p.  158,  pi.  47,  fig.  9. 

Sea  cliffs,  nesting  in  crevices  of  rocks;  now  domesticated  about  buildings. 

ME.-CONN. —  Introduced  under  domestication  but  now  common  in  a 
feral  state  in  towns  and  cities. 

BUTEO  BOREALIS  HARLANi  (Audubon).  Harlan's  hawk.  Accredited 
to  Massachusetts  by  Peabody  on  Nuttall's  authority,  probably  in  error. 

" BUTEO  COOPERI"  Cassin.  Cooper's  hen-hawk;  California  hawk. 
A  record  for  Cambridge,  Mass.,  is  believed  to  have  been  based  on  a  very 
light-colored  example  of  B.  lineatus. 

SURNIA  ULULA  (Linne").  European  hawk  owl. —  Specimens  of  this  and 
the  American  race  are  said  to  have  been  taken  at  Houlton,  Me.,  in  1877, 
but  probably  all  were  S.  u.  caparoch. 

DRYOBATES  VILLOSUS  LEUCOMELAS  (Boddaert).  Northern  hairy  wood- 
pecker.—  Under  this  name  Chadbourne  lists  the  Hairy  woodpecker  from 
Williamstown,  Mass.,  probably  in  error  for  D.  villosus. 


AVES.  227 

SPHYRAPICUS  VARIUS  NUCHALIS  Baird.  Rei-naped  sapsucker. —  The 
supposed  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts  specimens  prove  to  be  S. 
varius  varius. 

AGYRTRIA  VIRIDISSIMA  (Lesson).  Linne's  hummingbird. —  The  au- 
thenticity of  the  supposed  Cambridge  specimen  is  open  to  doubt. 

ALAUDA  ARVENSIS  Linne". 
Skylark;  Laverock. 

Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  165.  "IN  EUROPAE  APRICIS." 
Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1907,  pt.  4,  p.  292;  Dresser,  Birds  of 
Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  4,  pi.  [231].  Egg,  Bendire,  1895,  vol.  2,  pi.  5,  fig.  23. 

Open  country,  fields  and  meadows;  nests  on  the  ground. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  from  Europe  at  Cambridge,  prior  to 
1880. 

MUNIA  ORYZIVORA  (Linne").  Java  sparrow. —  A  specimen  was  taken  at 
Belmont,  Mass.,  Nov.  2,  1884,  but  this  and  others  are  doubtless  escaped 
cage  birds. 

MUNIA  ATRICAPILLA    (Vieillot).     Rufous -and  black  weaver  finch.  —  A 

specimen  of  this  Indian  species,  (doubtless  an  escape),  was  captured  near 
Brunswick,  Maine,  in  March,  1879  (recorded  as  Amadina  rubronigra). 

STURNELLA  NEGLECTA  Audubon.  Western  meadowlark.— Doubtfully 
recorded  from  Taunton,  Mass. 

MEGAQUISCALUS  MAJOR  (Vieillot).  Boat-tailed  grackle. —  Formerly 
accredited  to  Maine,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut  but  probably  the 
Bronzed  grackle  was  the  species  observed. 

SERINUS  BUTYRACEA  (Linne")  Bonaparte. 

Yellow  finch. 
Fringilla  butyracea  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  181.     "MA- 

DERA." 

Serinus  flaviventris  (Swains.).  Sharpe,  Cat.  birds  British  Mus.,  1888, 
vol.  12,  p.  353. 

A  South  African  species. 

MASS. —  Accidental  visitor  or  escape:  South  Scituate,  Feb.  1879,  with 
flock  of  Redpolls. 

SERINUS  SERINUS  (Linne")  Sharpe. 

Serin  finch.  * 

Sharpe,  Cat.  birds  British  mus.,  1888,  vol.  12,  p.  369. 


228  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Fringilla  serinus  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  1766,  vol.  1,  pt.  1,  p.  320.     "  IN 

EUROPA  AUSTRALI." 

Serinus  hortulanus  Koch.     Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  3, 
[pi.  170].     Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  240,  pi.  56,  fig.  16. 
Open  country,  orchards  and  gardens;  nests  in  trees. 
MASS. —  Probably  escaped  cagebird:   Springfield,  Nov.  1866. 

PASSER  DOMESTICUS  (Linne")  Koch. 

House  sparrow ;  English  sparrow ;  European  house  sparrow. 

Ridgway,  Birds  No.  and  Middle  Amer.,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1901, 
pt.  1,  p.  143.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1876,  vol.  3,  p.  [587],  pi.  [176], 
fig.  1.  Egg,  Seebohm,  1896,  p.  238,  pi.  56,  fig.  10-12. 

Fringilla  domestica  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  183.  "IN 
EUROPA  PROPE  RURA." 

Villages  and  cities  in  vicinity  of  dwellings;  nests  in  trees,  vines,  or  any 
cavity. 

ME. —  Common  resident;  introduced  at  Portland  in  1854  and  1858,  at 
Lewiston  in  1874,  at  Bangor  about  1875. 

N.  H. —  Resident,  common  about  large  cities,  less  common  in  White 
Mt.  valleys. 

VT. —  Common  resident  about  towns  and  cities ;  introduced  at  St.  Johns- 
bury  between  1874  and  1876. 

MASS. —  Common  resident  about  towns  and  cities;  introduced  at  Boston 
in  1858  and  1868,  Brookline,  1868,  Charlestown,  1869,  Cottage  C  ty  about 
1882,  Somerville,  1871. 

R.  I. —  Common  resident;  introduced  at  Peacedale  in  1858,  Providence 
in  1866  or  before,  Newport,  1874. 

CONN. —  Common  resident;  introduced  at  New  Haven  in  1867,  Nor- 
wich and  Meriden  between  1865  and  1870,  Portland,  1869. 

ACANTHIS  BREWSTERII  (Ridgway). 
Brewster's  linnet. 

Brewster,  Mem.  Nuttall  ornith.  club,  1906,  no.  4,  pi.  6. 

Aegiothus  (flavirostris  var.)  brewsterii  Ridgw.,  Amer.  nat.,  1872,  vol.  6, 
p.  433.  "  WALTHAM,  MASSACHUSETTS." 

Status  uncertain;  probably  a  hybrid  between  Acanthis  linaria  and 
Spinus  pinus. 

MASS. —  Only  known  specimen  taken  at  Waltham,  Nov.  1,  1870. 

CARDUELIS  CARDUELIS  (Linne)  Schaffer. 
European  goldfinch. 

Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.-nat  mus.,  1901,  pt.  1,  p.  94.  Egg,  Seebohm, 
1896,  p.  241,  pi.  56,  fig.  17. 


AVES.  229 

Fringilla  carduelis  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  180.     "IN 

EUROPAE   JUNIPERETIS." 

Carduelis  elegans  Steph.  Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol.  3, 
pi.  [166]. 

Open  country,  orchards,  and  deciduous  woods;   nests  in  trees. 

MASS. —  Introduced  in  eastern  part,  but  not  well  established;  bred  near 
Worcester,  July  11,  1890. 

CONN. —  Escape,  or  straggler  from  lots  introduced  in  neighboring 
country:  New  Haven,  May  9,  1892. 

RYNCHOPHANES  MACOWNII  (Lawrence).  McCown's  longspur. —  Doubt- 
fully recorded  for  Massachusetts  on  the  basis  of  a  market  specimen  said 
to  have  been  taken  at  Ipswich,  Jan.  7,  1877. 

COTURNICULUS  BAiRDii  (Audubon).  Baird's  sparrow. —  The  first 
known  specimens  of  Passerculus  princeps  were  recorded  under  this  name. 

PEUCAEA  AESTIVALIS  BACHMANII  (Audubon).  Bachman's  finch. — 
Recorded  from  Berlin,  Mass.,  in  error  for  Ammodramus  henslowii. 

PASSERINA  CIRIS  (Linne)  Vieillot. 
Painted  bunting ;  Nonpareil. 

Emberiza  ciris  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10, 1758,  vol.  1,  p.  179.     "AMERICA." 
Spiza  ciris  (Wils.).     Audubon,  Birds  of  Amer.,  1841,  vol.  3,  p.  93,  pi.  169. 
Thickets  and  hedges ;   nests  in  bushes  or  low  trees. 
ME. —  "Escape,"  Portland,  June  10,  1904. 
MASS. —  Four  instances;  believed  to  be  escaped  cape  birds. 
R.  I. —  Accidental  visitor  or  escape:  Scituate,  summer,  1882. 

PAROARIA  CUCULLATA  (Latham).  Crested  cardinal. —  A  South  American 
species,  once  taken  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.,  1885,  but  doubtless  an 
escaped  cagebird. 

GUBERNATRIX  CRiSTATA  (Vieillot). —  A  South  American  finch,  of  which 
a  specimen  supposed  to  be  an  escape,  was  taken  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  July 
7,  1888. 

VIREO  ATRICAPILLUS  Woodhouse.  Black- capped  Vireo.— Very  doubt- 
fully recorded  from  Lanesboro,  Mass. 

HELINAIA  SWAINSONII  (Audubon).  Swainson's  warbler. —  Erroneously 
accredited  to  Massachusetts  by  Audubon. 

HELMINTHOPHILA  LAWRENCEI  (Herrick)  Ridgway. 

Lawrence's  warbler. 
Ridgway,  Bull.  50,  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1902,  pt.  2,  p.  452. 


230  FAUNA  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Helminthophaga  lawrencii  Herrick,  Proc.  acad.  nat.  sci.  Phila.,  1874, 
p.  220,  pi.  15.  "NEAR  CHATHAM,  NEW  JERSEY." 

Probably  a  hybrid  form  between  H.  pinus  and  H.  chrysoptera,  which  it 
resembles  in  habits. 

MASS. —  One  recorded  as  seen  at  Dedham,  May  27,  1908. 

CONN. —  Summer  resident:  Bridgeport,  New  Haven,  Portland,  Stam- 
ford. May  12-July.  Eggs,  June  14. 

HELMINTHOPHILA  LEUCOBRONCHIALIS  (Brewster)  Ridgway. 
Brewster's  warbler;    White -throated  warbler. 

Helminthophaga  leucobronchialis  Brewst.,  Bull.  Nuttall  ornith.  club, 
1876,  vol.  1,  p.  1,  pi.  1.  "  NEWTONVILLE,  MASS." 

Probably  a  hybrid  form  between  H.  pinus  and  H.  chrysoptera,  which  it 
resembles  in  habits. 

MASS.: —  Rare  summer  resident  in  eastern  part  (Hudson,  Lexington, 
Newtonville,  Jamaica  Plain).  May  14-summer.  Eggs,  June  8-18. 

CONN. —  Rare  summer  resident.     May  6-Aug.  8.     Eggs,  June  24. 

"MUSCICAPA  MINUTA"  Wilson  =  WILSONIA  MICROCEPHALA  (Ridgway). 
Small-headed  flycatcher.  An  hypothetical  species,  described  by  Wilson 
and  accredited  to  Massachusetts  by  Nuttall,  Brewer,  and  Peabody. 

PENTHESTES  ATRICAPILLUS  SEPTENTRIONALIS  (Harris).  Long -tailed 
chickadee.  Erroneously  recorded  from  Rhode  Island;  the  specimen 
proves  to  be  P.  a.  atricapillus. 

SYLVIA  ATRICAPILLA  (Linne*)  Scopoli. 

European  blackcap  warbler ;  Blackcap. 

Dresser,  Birds  of  Europe,  1871-81,  vol  2,  p.  [421],  pi.  [66].  Egg,  See- 
bohm,  1896,  p.  201,  pi.  52,  fig.  17-19. 

Motacilla  atricapilla  Linne",  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  1758,  vol.  1,  p.  187.  "IN 
EUROPA." 

Groves  and  orchards ;  nests  in  bushes. 

MASS. —  Unsuccessfully  introduced  at  Cambridge  prior  to  1877. 

TURDUS  PILARIS  Linne.  Fieldfare. —  A  European  species,  once  taken 
near  Stamford,  Conn.,  Mar.  1888,  but  this  probably  an  escaped  cagebird. 

PLANESTICTJS  MERULA  (Linne").  Blackbird. —  A  male,  probably  an 
escape,  spent  the  writer  of  1908-09  near  the  Boston  public  garden. 

SAXICOLA  OENANTHE  LEUCORHOA  (Gmelin).  Greenland  wheatear. — 
The  supposed  Maine  records  in  reality  refer  to  birds  taken  across  the  line  in 
New  Brunswick. 


